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    Cerebro Cerebellum

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    Janani Iyer
    The cerebrocerebellum is the largest functional subdivision of the human cerebellum. It has extensive connections to the cerebral cortex via afferent and efferent pathways. The cerebrocerebellum is involved in planning movements, motor learning of skilled movements, speech, and some cognitive functions through integration of sensory and motor information. Damage can cause difficulties with speech, limb movement coordination, grip force control, and motor timing.

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    Cerebro Cerebellum

    Uploaded by

    Janani Iyer
    10 views23 pages
    The cerebrocerebellum is the largest functional subdivision of the human cerebellum. It has extensive connections to the cerebral cortex via afferent and efferent pathways. The cerebrocerebellum is involved in planning movements, motor learning of skilled movements, speech, and some cognitive functions through integration of sensory and motor information. Damage can cause difficulties with speech, limb movement coordination, grip force control, and motor timing.

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    The cerebrocerebellum is the largest functional subdivision of the human cerebellum. It has extensive connections to the cerebral cortex via afferent and efferent pathways. The cerebrocerebellum is involved in planning movements, motor learning of skilled movements, speech, and some cognitive functions through integration of sensory and motor information. Damage can cause difficulties with speech, limb movement coordination, grip force control, and motor timing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    10 views23 pages

    Cerebro Cerebellum

    Uploaded by

    Janani Iyer
    The cerebrocerebellum is the largest functional subdivision of the human cerebellum. It has extensive connections to the cerebral cortex via afferent and efferent pathways. The cerebrocerebellum is involved in planning movements, motor learning of skilled movements, speech, and some cognitive functions through integration of sensory and motor information. Damage can cause difficulties with speech, limb movement coordination, grip force control, and motor timing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    CEREBROCEREBELLUM

    - Janani Iyer
    DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI
    • Deep gray matter present in the cerebellum

    • All the fibers exiting the cerebellum pass through these nuclei

    • Consists of 4 pair of deep cerebellar nuclei

    1. Fastigial: Vestibulocerebellum (Medial most)

    2. Globose: Spinocerebellum

    3. Emboliform: Spinocerebellum

    4. Dentate: Cerebrocerebellum (Lateral most)


    Dentate Nuclei

    • Part of the cerebrocerebellum

    • Largest of the cerebellar nuclei

    • Located lateral to the interposed nuclei (emboliform and globose)

    • Receives input from cerebellar afferent and the lateral hemisphere


    CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

    • Fiber bundles that carry input and output of the cerebellum

    • Consists of 3 cerebellar peduncles:

    1. Superior cerebellar peduncle: Superior cerebellar artery

    2. Middle cerebellar peduncle: Superior cerebellar artery & anterior inferior


    cerebellar artery

    3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle: Anterior inferior cerebellar artery


    Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

    • Also called the Brachium Ponti's

    • Largest peduncle

    • Contains afferents from the pontine nucleus (Connects cerebellum to pons)

    Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

    • Contains efferent from the cerebellum to the red nucleus and thalamus
    (Cerebellum to cortex)
    HISTOPATHOLOGY &
    CONNECTIVITY

    Cerebellar cortex consists of 3 layers of cells

    1. Granule cell layer: innermost layer

    2. Purkinje cell layer: middle layer

    3. Molecular layer: outermost layer

    Afferents: Climbing fibers or Mossy fibers

    Efferents: Before exiting the cerebellum they all pass through the deep cerebellar
    nuclei
    Originate in the pontine nucleus

    Enter the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle and


    give projections to the dentate nuclei (excitatory signals)

    They then enter the cerebellar cortex and project to the


    granule cells (excitatory signals)

    The axons of the granule cells run upwards into the


    molecular layers and bifurcate to form the parallel fibers.

    Each parallel fiber synapse with hundreds of purkinje fibers


    and carry excitatory impulse

    The purkinje cells in turn inhibit the deep cerebellar nuclei


    CEREBELLUM: FUNCTIONAL
    SUBDIVISIONS
    There are 3 functional subdivisions of the cerebellum:

    1. Archicerebellum (Vestibulocerebellum)

    2. Paleocerebellum (Spinocerebellum)

    3. Neocerebellum (Cerebrocerebellum/ Pontocerebellum)


    Vestibulocerebellum Spinocerebellum Cerebrocerebellum

    • Connects cerebellum with the • Connects cerebellum with the • Connects cerebellum with the
    vestibular apparatus spinal cord cerebral cortex
    • Balance • Maintain tone • Does not consists of
    • Control of eye movements with • Co-ordination of movements of descending pathways
    respect to head movements trunk, head and proximal • Planning of movements
    limbs: VERMIS • Motor learning (Highly skilled
    • Co-ordination of movements of movement execution)
    distal limbs: PARAVERMIS • E.g. Speech
    CEREBROCEREBELLUM

    • Most recent in evolutionary terms

    • Largest functional subdivision of the human cerebellum

    • Comprises of the lateral hemisphere and the dentate nucleus

    • Functions:

    1. Planning and timing of the movement

    2. Motor learning (Highly skilled movement execution)

    3. Cognitive functions
    • Has extensive connections with the cerebral cortex

    1. Afferent pathway: Cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract (Cortex-Pons-cerebellum)

    2. Efferent pathway: Cerebello-thalamo-cortical tract & Dento-rubro-


    thalamic tract (Cerebellum-Thalamus-Cortex OR Cerebellum-Rednucleus-
    Thalamus-Cortex)
    AFFERENT PATHWAYS
    CORTICOPONTOCEREBELLAR PATHWAY

    Information about the intended movement in the cortex


    (Pre-motor, Primary motor, Somatosensory areas)

    Pontine nucleus (decussate to opposite side)]

    Enter cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle


    EFFERENT PATHWAYS
    CEREBELLOTHALAMOCORTICAL PATHWAY

    Information regarding the intended movement is processed in


    the cerebellum and motor adaptations are generated

    This output from the cerebellar cortex reach the dentate nuclei

    The fibers leave the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar


    peduncle

    The fibers decussate to the opposite side before reaching the


    thalamus

    The output finally reaches the pre-motor, primary motor and


    somatosensory areas of the cortex
    EFFERENT PATHWAYS
    DENTORUBROTHALAMIC PATHWAY

    Information regarding the intended movement is processed in


    the cerebellum and motor adaptations are generated

    This output from the cerebellar cortex reach the dentate nuclei

    The fibers leave the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar


    peduncle

    The fibers reach the red nucleus before they decussate to the
    opposite side and reach the thalamus

    The output finally reaches the pre-motor, primary motor and


    somatosensory areas of the cortex
    FUNCTIONS
    1. Speech is controlled by the superior paravermal region, intermediate cerebellar cortex and the dentate
    nucleus

    2. Control of corticomotor excitability information from the contralateral motor cortex, sensory cortex and
    spinal cord is integrated, processed and relayed in the contralateral M1

    3. Planning of sequential movements under the supervision of the dentate nucleus, the interposed nucleus,
    the intermediate cerebellar cortex and the lateral cerebellar cortex

    4. Smooth co-ordinated movements: after integrating the sensory information with the motor command

    5. Conscious assessment of movement errors: If there is any discrepancies between the intended movement
    and the actual movement, cerebellum detects the error and send corrective signals to adjust the ongoing
    movement

    6. Cognitive operations mainly controlled by the posterior lobe and cerebellar nuclei (mainly dentate)
    LESSIONS
    1. Unwanted Saccadic signals

    2. Ataxic dysarthria: difficulty in oral & written language planning

    3. Deficits in predictive grip force control

    4. Difficulty in predicting motor timing

    5. Limb ataxia
    THANKYOU

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