CLASSIFICATION

&
CLUSTERING

Understanding
classification
 Introduction to AI
Classification

 Definition: Artificial Intelligence (AI) classification
involves categorizing data into predefined classes
based on patterns and features.
 Purpose: Classification is fundamental in AI,
enabling machines to make decisions, predictions,
and identify patterns in diverse applications.
 Use: It helps in categorizing data into different
classes and has a broad array of applications, such
as email spam detection, medical diagnostic test,
fraud detection, image classification, and speech
recognition among others
 Importance of
Classification in AI

 Real-world Applications: Image recognition, spam
filtering, medical diagnosis, and more.
 Enables Decision-Making: Classification empowers
AI systems to make informed decisions based on
learned patterns.
 Classification is one of two main types of supervised
learning techniques (regression the other).
Classification models predict a class label, such as
whether a customer will return or not, whether a
certain transaction represents fraud or not, or
whether a certain image is a car or not.
 Types of Classification

 Binary Classification: Divides data into two classes
(e.g., spam or not spam).
 Credit Card Fraud Detection:
 Classes:
 Class 0: Legitimate transaction
 Class 1: Fraudulent transaction
 Task: Determine if a credit card transaction is
legitimate or fraudulent based on various features.
 Examples

 Disease Diagnosis:
 Classes:
 Class 0: Not infected
 Class 1: Infected
 Task: Detect if a patient has a specific disease based
on medical test results.
 Examples

 Multi-class Classification:
 Species Classification in Biology:
 Classes:
 Class 0: Mammals
 Class 1: Birds
 Class 2: Reptiles
 Class 3: Amphibians
 ...
 Task: Classify animals into different species based
on characteristics.
 Supervised Learning

 Labeled Training Data: The model is provided with a
dataset where each example is paired with its correct
outcome, allowing the model to learn and generalize
from the provided information.
 Training Process: During training, the AI system
adjusts its internal parameters to minimize the
difference between its predictions and the actual
outcomes in the labeled data.
 Supervised Learning

 Applications:
 Supervised learning is widely used in various
applications such as medical diagnosis, autonomous
vehicles, recommendation systems, and more. It
forms the basis for many practical AI solutions
where the goal is to predict or classify based on
historical data
 Algorithms Used in
Classification

 Popular Algorithms:
 Decision Trees,
 Support Vector Machines,
 Neural Network.
 Challenges in
Classification

 Overfitting: When a model learns the training data
too well, including noise and outliers, but fails to
generalize well to new, unseen data.
 Underfitting: Occurs when a model is too simple to
capture the underlying patterns in the data, leading
to poor performance.
 Imbalanced Datasets: Challenges arise when one
class significantly outnumbers the others, potentially
biasing the model towards the majority class.
 Logistic Regression

 Definition of Logistic Regression:
 Logistic regression is a statistical method used in
artificial intelligence for binary classification
problems. It is a predictive modeling technique that
analyzes relationships between one or more
independent variables and the probability of a
specific outcome.
 Types Of Logistic
Regression


Binary Logistic Regression:
 This is the standard logistic regression for binary
classification problems. It's used when the dependent
variable has two categories.
 Multinomial Logistic Regression:
 Also known as softmax regression, this type of logistic
regression is used when the dependent variable has more
than two categories. It's suitable for problems where there
are more than two classes, and each observation falls into
one and only one category.
 Ordinal Logistic Regression:
 This is used when the dependent variable is ordinal,
meaning it has ordered categories. It's appropriate when the
categories have a meaningful order but the intervals between
 Confusion Matrix:

 True Positive (TP): Instances correctly predicted as
positive.
 True Negative (TN): Instances correctly predicted as
negative.
 False Positive (FP): Instances incorrectly predicted as
positive (Type I error).
 False Negative (FN): Instances incorrectly predicted
as negative (Type II error).
 Confusion Matrix:

 Precision (Positive Predictive Value): Precision=TP​
/TP+FP
 Recall (Sensitivity, True Positive Rate): Recall=TP​
/TP+FN
 Clustering

 Clustering is a fundamental technique in
unsupervised learning, where the objective is to
group similar data points into clusters or segments
based on inherent patterns or similarities. Unlike
supervised learning, clustering doesn't rely on
predefined labels, making it valuable for exploratory
data analysis
 Types Of Clustering

 Partitioning Clustering:
 Example Algorithm: K-means
 Divides the dataset into K clusters, where K is
predefined. Each data point belongs to the cluster with
the nearest mean.
 Hierarchical Clustering:
 Example Algorithm: Agglomerative Hierarchical
Clustering
 Creates a tree of clusters, where each data point starts as
a single cluster and merges with others to form larger
clusters.
 Types Of Clustering

 Density-Based Clustering:
 Example Algorithm: DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial
Clustering of Applications with Noise)
 Forms clusters based on areas of higher data point density,
effectively identifying outliers as noise.
 Distribution-Based Clustering:
 Example Algorithm: Expectation-Maximization (EM)
algorithm for Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM)
 Assumes that the data follows a certain distribution and
models clusters based on these distributions.
 Fuzzy Clustering:
 Example Algorithm: Fuzzy C-means (FCM)
 Assigns each data point a degree of membership to multiple
clusters rather than a strict membership, allowing for a more
 Conclusion

 In conclusion, classification is a fundamental aspect
of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that involves
categorizing data into predefined classes based on
learned patterns and features.
 Through supervised learning, AI models are trained
on labeled datasets, enabling them to make accurate
predictions and decisions.
 Conclusion

 At its core, classification is about understanding and
categorizing information. It allows AI systems to
organize and interpret data, making them valuable
tools in extracting insights and providing solutions
to complex problems.
 

Thank You:)