Mobile Computing & Wireless

Communication (2170710)

CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
Prof. M Dhanalakshmi,
1
Asst. Prof.,
IT Dept,
SCET, Surat.

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING &
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
(2170710)

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CONTENTS TO BE TAUGHT

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CONTENTS TO BE TAUGHT

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 REFERENCE BOOKS
 Wireless Communications & Networks, Second Edition,William
Stallings by Pearson. [Chapters – 1, 2, 4, 5]

 Mobile ComputingTechnology,Applications and service

creation ,Asoke K Telukder, Roopa R Yavagal by TMH. [Chapter –
3]

 Android Application Development Black Book, Pradeep Kothari,

dreamtech press. [Chapter – 6]

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING
 Mobile computing is a technology that allows transmission of data,
voice and video through a computer or any other wireless device.

 Mobile Computing can be defined as a computing environment of

physical mobility.

 A mobile computing system allows a user to perform a task from

anywhere using a computing device in the public (Web), corporate
(Business information), personal information spaces (medical record,
address book).

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING
 Mobile Computing involves:
 Mobile Communication

 Mobile Hardware

 Mobile Software

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING
 Mobile Communication refers to the infrastructure put in place to
ensure seamless and reliable communication.

 These would include devices such as protocols, services, bandwidth

and portals necessary to facilitate and support the stated devices.

 Media is unguided/wireless , the infrastructure is radio-wave

oriented.

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING
 Mobile Hardware includes mobile devices or device components
that receive or access the service of mobility.

 Devices are laptops, smartphones, tablet, Personal Digital Assistants.

 These devices are capable of sensing and receiving signals.

 These devices are configured to operate in full-duplex means sending

and receiving signals at the same time in wireless network.

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING
 Mobile Software is the actual program that runs on the mobile
hardware.

 It is the operating system of the appliance.

 Essential component that operates the mobile device.

 Example the manufacturer’s of Apple’s iPhone OS, Google’s

Android, Microsoft Windows Mobile, Research in Motion’s
Blackberry OS.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING – DIFFERENT CONTEXTS

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING FUNCTIONS
 1. User Mobility:
 The user should be able to move from one physical location to
another and use the same device.
 The service could be in a home or remote network.
 Example, a user moves from London to NewYork and uses
Internet to access the corporate application the same way the user
uses it in the home office.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING FUNCTIONS
 2. Network Mobility:
 Case (i) : User is moving from one network to another and uses the same
service seamlessly.
 Example a user moving from a WiFi network within the university
campus and changing to 4G network outside while using the same online
service.
 Case (ii): The network itself is mobile like in a Mobile Adhoc Network
(MANET).
 In MANET, each node in the network is a combination of a host and a
router.
 As the nodes move, the routers within the network also move changing
the routing table structure.
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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING FUNCTIONS
 3. Bearer Mobility:
 The user should be able to move from one bearer to another and
use the same service.
 Example could be a user using a service through WAP bearer in
his home network in Bangalore.
 He moves to Coimbatore where WAP is not supported and
switches over to voice or SMS bearer to access the same
application.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING FUNCTIONS
 4. Device Mobility:
 The user should be able to move from one device to
another and use the same service.
 Example: User is using desktop computer in their
office. While he is on the street he would like to use
his mobile to use the same corporate application.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING FUNCTIONS
 5. Session Mobility:
 A user session should be able to move from one user
agent environment to another.
 Example: An unfinished session moving from a mobile
device to a desktop computer is a good example.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING FUNCTIONS
 6. Service Mobility:
 User should be able to move from one service to
another.
 Example: User is writing a mail. Suddenly he need to
refer to something else. In a PC, user simply opens
another service and moves between them,
 User should be able to do the same in small wireless
devices.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MOBILE COMPUTING FUNCTIONS
 7. Host Mobility:
 User should be able to move while the device is a host
computer.
 Example: The laptop computer of a user is the host for grid
computing network. It is connected to a LAN port. Suddenly
the user needs to leave for a meeting. He disconnects from the
LAN and should get connected to wireless LAN while his
laptop bing the host for grid computing network.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 LIMITATIONS OF MOBILE COMPUTING
 Limitations of the wireless network:
 Heterogeneity of fragmented networks.
 Frequent disconnections.
 Limited communication bandwidth.

 Limitations imposed by mobility

 Lack of mobility awareness by system.
 Route breakage.

 Limitations of the mobile computer

 Short battery lifetime.
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 Limited capacitites (memory, processing speed..)
Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication
 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
 Wireless Communication involves the transmission of
information over a distance with the help of wires, cables
or any other forms of electrical conductors.
 Its a term connecting and communicating between two or
more devices using a wireless signal through wireless
communication technologies and devices.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
 The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few
meters (television’s remote control) and thousands of
kilometers (radio communication).
 Wireless communication can be used for wireless
telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home
networking and so on..

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
 GPS Units
 Wireless keyboard, mouse
 Headsets
 Radio Receivers
 Satellite Television
 Cordless Telephones

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ADVANTAGES
 Cost Effectiveness
 Flexibility
 Convenience
 Speed
 Accessibility
 Constant Connectivity

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 APPLICATION & SERVICES
 Personal (Wallet, Diary)
 Perishable (news, sports, stock quotes)
 Transaction Oriented (bank transactions, mobile shopping)
 Location Specific (restaurant guide, map service)
 Corporate ( ERP, inventory, business alerts)
 Entertainment ( fun, games)

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION
FUNDAMENTALS

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION
 1. Time Domain Concepts
 2. Frequency Domain Concepts

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS

 Electromagnetic signals are used as a means to transmit information.

 An electromagnetic signal is of 2 types:
 Function of time,
 Function of frequency; that is, the signal consists of components of
different frequencies.

 1. Time Domain Concepts:

 Viewed as a function of time.

 An electromagnetic signal can be either:

 Analog

 Digital
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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 Analog Signal:
 An analog signal is one in which the signal intensity varies
in a smooth fashion over time.
 There are no breaks or discontinuities in the signal.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 Digital Signal:
 A digital signal is one in which the signal intensity
maintains a constant level for some period of time and then
changes to another constant level.

 The analog signal might represent speech, and the digital

signal might represent binary 1s and 0s.
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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 Periodic Signal:
 The same signal pattern repeats over time.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 Periodic Signal:

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 Periodic Signal:
 Mathematically, a signal s(t) is defined to be periodic if and
only if:

 where the constant T is the period of the signal (T is the

smallest value that satisfies the equation).
 The sine wave is the fundamental analog signal.
 A general sine wave can be represented by three parameters:
 i) peak amplitude (A),
 ii) frequency (f), and
 iii) phase (¢).

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 Periodic Signal:

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 Aperiodic Signal:
 The same signal pattern does not repeats over time.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 Peak Amplitude:
 The peak amplitude is the maximum value or strength of
the signal over time; typically, this value is measured in volts.
 Frequency:
 The frequency is the rate [in cycles per second, or Hertz
(Hz)] at which the signal repeats.
 Period (T):
 The amount of time it takes for one repetition.
 Phase:
 Measure of the relative position in time within a single period
of a signal

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 The general sine wave can be written as:

 A function with the form of above equation is known as

sinusoid.
 Effect of varying 3 parameters:

 Case (i): Frequency 1 Hz, period = 1 second.

 Case (ii): Frequency = 1 Hz, Peak Amplitude = 0.5

 Case (iii): f = 2, which is equivalent = ½.

 Case (iv): Phase shift of π/4 radians which is 45 degrees

(2π radians = 360 degree = 1 period)
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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – TIME DOMAIN CONCEPTS

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – FREQUENCY DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 2. Frequency Domain Concepts:
 An electromagnetic signal will be made up of many
frequencies.
 For example, the signal:

 The above equation is represented in figure below:

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – FREQUENCY DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 2. Frequency Domain Concepts:

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – FREQUENCY DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 2. Frequency Domain Concepts:
 The components of this signal are just sine waves of
frequencies f and 3f.
 The second frequency is an integer multiple of the first
frequency.
 When all of the frequency components of a signal are integer
multiples of one frequency, the latter frequency is referred to
as the fundamental frequency.
 The period of the total signal is equal to the period of the
fundamental frequency.
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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 SIGNALS FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION – FREQUENCY DOMAIN CONCEPTS
 2. Frequency Domain Concepts:
 The spectrum of a signal is the range of frequencies that it
contains.
 In the previous example the spectrum extends from f to 3f.
 The absolute bandwidth of a signal is the width of the
spectrum.
 The bandwidth is 3f - f = 2f.
 Effective bandwidth (or) bandwidth:
 Signals with most of the energy contained in a relatively narrow band
of frequencies is called as effective bandwidth or bandwidth.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION
 1. Analog & Digital Data
 2. Analog & Digital Signaling
 3. Analog & Digital Transmission

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION
 Analog – Continuous
 Digital – Discrete
 Data:
 Entities that convey meaning or information.
 Signals:
 Electric or electromagnetic representations of data.
 Transmission:
 The communication of data by the propagation and
processing of signals.
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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA
 Analog data take on continuous values in some interval.
 Example: Voice & Video are continuously varying patterns of
intensity.
 Most data collected by sensors, such as temperature and pressure, are
continuous valued.
 Familiar example of analog data is audio, which, in the form of
acoustic sound waves, can be perceived directly by human beings.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALING
 An analog signal is a continuously varying electromagnetic wave
that may be propagated over a variety of media, depending on
frequency.
 Examples are copper wire media, such as twisted pair and coaxial
cable, fiber optic cable; and atmosphere or space propagation
(wireless).
 A digital signal is a sequence of voltage pulses that may be
transmitted over a copper wire medium.
 A constant positive voltage level may represent binary 0 and a
constant negative voltage level may represent binary l.
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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALING

 Advantages of digital signaling:

 Cheaper than analog signaling and is less susceptible
to noise interference.
 Disadvantage of digital signaling:
 Digital signals suffer more from attenuation than do analog
signals.
 Because of the attenuation, or reduction, of signal strength at
higher frequencies, the pulses become rounded and smaller.
 Attenuation can lead rather quickly to the loss of the 48

information contained in the propagated signal.

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication
 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALING

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALING

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALING
 Digital data can also be represented by analog signals by use of a
modem (modulator-demodulator).
 The modem converts a series of binary (two-valued) voltage pulses
into an analog signal by modulating a carrier frequency.
 The most common modems represent digital data in the voice
spectrum and hence allow those data to be propagated over ordinary
voice-grade telephone lines.
 At the other end of the line, a modem demodulates the signal to
recover the original data.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALING

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALING
 Representing analog signals by digital signals:
 The device that performs this function for voice data is a
codec (coder-decoder).
 The codec takes an analog signal that directly represents the
voice data and approximates that signal by a bit stream.
 At the other end of the line, a codec uses the bit stream to
reconstruct the analog data.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALING
 Representing analog signals by digital signals:

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALING

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
 Analog transmission is a means of transmitting analog signals
without regard to their content; the signals may represent analog data
(e.g., voice) or digital data (e.g., data that pass through a modem).
 In either case, the analog signal will suffer attenuation that limits the
length of the transmission link.
 To achieve longer distances, the analog transmission system includes
amplifiers that boost the energy in the signal.
 The amplifier also boosts the noise components.
 With amplifiers cascaded to achieve long distance, the signal becomes
more and more distorted.
 For digital data transmitted as analog signals, cascaded amplifiers will 56

introduce errors.
Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication
 ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
 Digital transmission:
 Digital signal can be propagated only a limited distance before
attenuation endangers the integrity of the data.
 To achieve greater distances, repeaters are used.
A repeater receives the digital signal, recovers the pattern of
ones and zeros, and retransmits a new signal.
 Thus, the attenuation is overcome.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

Before and after using

amplifier

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CHANNEL CAPACITY

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CHANNEL CAPACITY
 A variety of impairments can distort or corrupt a signal.
 A common impairment is noise,
 Noise is any unwanted signal that combines with and hence distorts
the signal intended for transmission and reception.
 Channel Capacity:
 The maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over a
given communication path, or channel, under certain given
conditions.
 Data rate:
 This is the rate, in bits per second (bps), at which data can be
communicated.
 Bandwidth:
 Bandwidth is defined as: a range of frequencies (or channels)
within a given band, in particular that used for transmitting a
signal. 61

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CHANNEL CAPACITY
 Noise:
 The average level of noise over the communications path.
 Error rate:
 This is the rate at which errors occur, where an error is the
reception of a 1 when a 0 was transmitted or the reception of a 0
when a 1 was transmitted.
 Communications facilities are expensive the greater the bandwidth of
a facility, the greater the cost.
 All transmission channels are of limited bandwidth.
 The limitations arise from the physical properties of the transmission
medium or from the transmitter on the bandwidth to prevent
interference from other sources.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CHANNEL CAPACITY – NYQUIST BANDWIDTH
 Nyquist Bandwidth:
 Consider the case of a channel that is noise free.
 Given a bandwidth of B, the highest signal rate that can
be carried is 2B.
 If the signals to be transmitted are binary:

 The data rate that can be supported by B Hz is 2B bps.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CHANNEL CAPACITY – NYQUIST BANDWIDTH
 Nyquist Bandwidth:
 Example: [For Binary Signals]
 Consider a voice channel being used, via modem, to transmit
digital data.
 Bandwidth = 3100 Hz.
 Capacity C of the channel is 2B = 6200 bps.
 Example: [Signal element represent more than one bit]
 If four possible voltage levels are used as signals, then each signal
element can represent two bits.
 With multilevel signaling, the Nyquist formulation becomes:

M is the number of discrete signal elements or voltage levels.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CHANNEL CAPACITY – NYQUIST BANDWIDTH
 Nyquist Bandwidth:
 Example: [Signal element represent more than one bit]
 For M = 8, bandwidth of B = 3100 Hz. Calculate the channel capacity

 Capacity C = 18, 600 bps.

 C = (2*3100)*log (8) = 18,600 bps.
2

 For a given bandwidth, the data rate can be increased by

increasing the number of different signal elements.
 But places an increased burden on the receiver:
 Instead of distinguishing one of two possible signal elements
during each signal time, it must distinguish one of M 65
possible signals.
Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication
 CHANNEL CAPACITY – SHANNON CAPACITY FORMULA
 SHANNON CAPACITY FORMULA:
 Shannon capacity formula gives the relationship between the
relationship among data rate, noise, and error rate.
 If the data rate is increased, then the bits become "shorter" in time,

so that more bits are affected by a given pattern of noise.

 Thus, at a given noise level, the higher the data rate, the higher
the error rate.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CHANNEL CAPACITY – SHANNON CAPACITY FORMULA
 SHANNON CAPACITY FORMULA:
 The higher the data rate, the more damage that unwanted noise
can do.
 For a given level of noise, we would expect that a greater signal
strength would improve the ability to receive data correctly in the
presence of noise.
 Parameter involved is Signal To Noise Ratio (SNR):
 The ratio of the power in a signal to the power contained in the

noise that is present at a particular point in the transmission.

 This ratio is measured at a receiver, because it is at this point that

an attempt is made to process the signal and eliminate the

unwanted noise.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CHANNEL CAPACITY – SHANNON CAPACITY FORMULA
 SHANNON CAPACITY FORMULA:

 This expresses the amount, in decibels, that the intended

signal exceeds the noise level.
 A high SNR will mean a high-quality signal.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CHANNEL CAPACITY – SHANNON CAPACITY FORMULA
 SHANNON CAPACITY FORMULA:
 Shannon's maximum channel capacity, in bits per second,
equation is given by:

 where C is the capacity of the channel in bits per second and B is

the bandwidth of the channel in Hertz.
 For a given level of noise, it would appear that the data rate could
be increased by increasing either signal strength or bandwidth.
 As B increases, SNR decreases.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CHANNEL CAPACITY – SHANNON CAPACITY FORMULA
 Example:
 Let us consider an example that relates Nyquist and Shannon
formulations.
 Suppose the spectrum of the channel is between 3MHz and 2
MHz and SNR(dB) = 24 dB.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 CHANNEL CAPACITY – SHANNON CAPACITY FORMULA
 Example:
 Using Shannon’s formula:

 Based on Nyquist’s formula how many signaling levels are

required?

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 Transmission medium is the physical path between
transmitter and receiver.
 Medium that can carry information from source to
destination.
 Guided Transmission Media
 Unguided Transmission Media

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:

Guided Transmission Media

Magnetic Media Twisted Pair
Coaxial Cable Fiber Optics

 With guided media, the waves are guided along a solid

medium, such as copper twisted pair, copper coaxial
cable, or optical fiber.
 The atmosphere and outer space are examples of unguided
media, which provide a means of transmitting
electromagnetic signals but do not guide them; this form of
transmission is usually referred to as wireless transmission. 74

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:
 i) Magnetic Media:
 Common ways to transport data from one computer to another is
to write them into magnetic tape or recordable DVDs, physically
transport the disks to the destination machine and read them back
again.
 This method is not sophisticated as using a satellite
communication.
 More cost effective.
 Used in applications in which high bandwidth or cost per bit 75

transported is the key factor.

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:
 ii) Twisted Pair:
A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires about 1mm
thick.
 Wires are twisted together like a DNA molecule.
 When the wires are twisted, the waves from different twists
cancel out, so the wire radiates less.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:
 ii) Twisted Pair:

 Why cables are twisted?

 If the two wires are parallel, the effect of unwanted signals is not
the same in both wires because they are at different locations
relative to the noise.
 This results in difference at the receiver.
 By twisting the cables, balance is maintained.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:
 ii) Twisted Pair:
 Two types of Twisted Pair:
 1. Unshielded Twisted Pair: (UTP)
 Used in two categories: Cat – 3 & Cat – 5
 Category – 3 twisted pair consist of two insulated wires twisted
together.
 Category – 5: More twists per centimetre. Less crosstalk and
better quality signal over long distances.
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 More suitable for high speed computer communication.

Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:
 ii) Twisted Pair:
 Two types of Twisted Pair:
 2. Shielded Twisted Pair: (STP)
 Extra metallic shield on each pair.
 Metal casing improves the quality of cable preventing the
prevention of noise.
 Used in telephone lines to provide voice and data channels.

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 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:
 ii) Twisted Pair:
 Two types of Twisted Pair:

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 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:
 iii) Coaxial Cable:
 Better shielding than twisted pairs, so it can span longer distances
at higher speeds.
 Two kinds of coaxial cable:
1) 50 ohm cable – Used when intended for digital transmission.
2) 75 ohm cable – Analog transmission and cable television.

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 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:
 iii) Coaxial Cable:
 Coaxial Cable contains:
 Inner Central Core Conductor: A central core conductor
of solid or stranded wire usually copper.
 Outer Metallic Conductor Shield: A metal foil enclosed
between inner and outer insulator.
 Inner Insulator: An insulating sheath which encloses inner
core conductor to separate both inner and outer conductor
from each other.
 Plastic Jacket/Cover: Covering the whole cable.
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 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:
 iii) Coaxial Cable:

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:
 iv) Fiber Optics:
A fiber-optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits
signals in the form of light.
 Optical fibers use reflection to guide light through a channel.
 A glass core is surrounded by a cladding of less dense glass.
 The difference in density of two materials is the beam of light
moving through a core is reflected off the cladding instead of
refracted into it.
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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 1. Guided Transmission Media:
 iv) Fiber Optics:

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 2. Unguided Transmission Media:
 Unguided media transmit electromagnetic wave without using a
physical conductor.
 This type of communication is referred to as wireless
communication.
i. Radio Wave
ii. Microwave
iii. Infrared Wave

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 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 2. Unguided Transmission Media:
i) Radio Wave:
• Radio waves can travel long distances and can penetrate
buildings, widely used for communication both indoors and
outdoors.
• Radio waves are omnidirectional : They travel in all directions
from the source, so that transmitter and receiver do not have to
be aligned physically.
• At low frequencies radio waves pass hrough obstacles well, but
power falls off with distance form the source.
• At high frequencies, radio waves tend to travel in straight lines
and bounce off obstacles/

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 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 2. Unguided Transmission Media:
i) Radio Wave:

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 2. Unguided Transmission Media:
 ii) Microwave:
 Microwaves travel in a straight line, if the towers are too far apart,
repeaters are needed periodically.
 Unlike radio waves, microwaves do not pass through buildings
well.
 Conentrating all the energy into a small beam using a parabolic
antenna gives much higher signal to noise ratio.
 Advantages: No right way needed when compared to guided media and
inexpensive.
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 Disadvantages: Delays waves cancel the signal, absorption by rain above
8GHz.
Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 2. Unguided Transmission Media:
 iii) Infrared Wave:
 Used for short-range communication.
 Remote controls used on TV, VCR, stereos all use infrared
communication.
 Relatively directional, major drawback: doo not pass through solid
objects.
 Infrared system in one room of a building will not interfere with a
similar system in adjacent rooms.
 No government license is needed to operate an IR system , in
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contrast to radio systems which must be licensed.
Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MULTIPLEXING

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MULTIPLEXING
 Multiplexing (or muxing) is a way of sending multiple
signals or streams of information over a communications
link at the same time in the form of a single, complex signal.
 The receiver recovers the separate signals, a process called
demultiplexing (or demuxing).

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 MULTIPLEXING
 Multiplexing: Combining multiple data channels for
transmission on a common medium.
 Demultiplexing: Recovering the original separate channels
from a multiplexed channel.

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 MULTIPLEXING
 Two techniques for multiplexing:
 1. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
 2. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

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 MULTIPLEXING
 1. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
A number of signals are carried simultaneously on the same
medium.
 Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency.
 Useful bandwidth of medium should exceed required bandwidth
of channels.
 Carrier frequencies are separated so signals do not overlap.
(guard bands)
 Channel allocated even if no data to be sent.

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 MULTIPLEXING
 1. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
 Six signal sources are fed into a multiplexer that modulates each
signal onto a different frequency (f1, f2,..f6)' Each signal requires
a certain bandwidth centered on its carrier frequency, referred to
as a channel.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MULTIPLEXING
 1. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MULTIPLEXING
 1. FDM System Transmitter:

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MULTIPLEXING
 1. FDM System Receiver:

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MULTIPLEXING
 2. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signals to be
transmitted.
 Multiple digital signals interleaved in time.
 Interleaving can be at bit level, blocks of bytes level.
 Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed.
 Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed among sources.

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MULTIPLEXING
 2. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MULTIPLEXING
 2. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MULTIPLEXING
 2. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MULTIPLEXING
 2. TDM System:

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication

 MULTIPLEXING
 KEY DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN FDM & TDM

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Prof. M. Dhanalakshmi Mobile Computing & Wireless Communication