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Chap 1 IMF Part1

Here are the answers to Exercise 1: 1. sulfur dioxide (SO2) - Dipole-dipole forces. SO2 is a polar molecule due to the difference in electronegativity between S and O. 2. nitrogen gas (N2) - London dispersion forces. N2 is a nonpolar diatomic molecule. 3. hydrogen fluoride (HF) - Hydrogen bonding. HF contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative F atom. 4. carbon dioxide (CO2) - London dispersion forces. CO2 is a nonpolar linear molecule. 5. neon gas (Ne) - London dispersion forces. Neon is a noble gas atom and is nonpolar

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18 views33 pages

Chap 1 IMF Part1

Here are the answers to Exercise 1: 1. sulfur dioxide (SO2) - Dipole-dipole forces. SO2 is a polar molecule due to the difference in electronegativity between S and O. 2. nitrogen gas (N2) - London dispersion forces. N2 is a nonpolar diatomic molecule. 3. hydrogen fluoride (HF) - Hydrogen bonding. HF contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative F atom. 4. carbon dioxide (CO2) - London dispersion forces. CO2 is a nonpolar linear molecule. 5. neon gas (Ne) - London dispersion forces. Neon is a noble gas atom and is nonpolar

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lyza shane bernal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY

2
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS
MERLYN GONZALES
Chapter 1: KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY AND
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Objectives:

1. Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and solids.
2. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.
3. Predict the intermolecular forces possible for a molecule.
4. Design a simple investigation to determine the effect on boiling point or freezing point
when a solid is dissolved in water.
Do liquids have definite volume?
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

Solid Liqui Gas


d packed
• less closely
ARRANGEMENT in • closely packed • very far apart
than in a solid
OF PARTICLES • orderly • disorderly
• disorderly

in • particles vibrate • particles move


KINETIC ENERGY • particles slide
OF PARTICLES & rotate about a about at great
over each other
fixed position speed

in • very low • low • high


PARTICLE MOTION

ATTRACTIVE in
FORCES BETWEEN • very strong • strong • very weak
PARTICLES

• ion-dipole
INTERMOLECULAR such as • dipole-dipole
FORCES • London dispersion forces
• hydrogen bonding
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY

Iodine Bromine Chlorine


Activity 1. THE EFFECT OF BOILING POINT AND FREEZING POINT ON THE
DISSOLUTION OF SOLIDS IN WATER

Objective : To show the effect of temperature on the dissolution of solids.

Materials :
two 100-mL beakers sugar tray (to catch spills)
boiling water spoon ice water

Procedure :
1. Place the beaker on the tray. Add hot water. Carefully pour a spoonful of sugar on hot water.
Record the time it takes for the sugar to completely dissolve.

2. Half-fill the beaker with ice and pour water up to the brim. Let it stand for two minutes.
Carefully pour a spoonful of sugar and also record the time it takes for the sugar to completely dissolve.

Question for Analysis


In which setup did the sugar dissolve faster?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Conclusions
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Activity 1
KINETIC
MOLECULAR
THEORY
KINETIC
MOLECULAR
THEORY
KINETIC
MOLECULAR
THEORY
KINETIC
MOLECULAR
THEORY
 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

 How is intermolecular forces defined by nature of


particles?
 Intramolecular Forces
INTRAMOLECULAR Intramolecular forces – exist inside the molecule and are
FORCES OF relatively strong because their charges are larger and closer.
ATTRACTION Ex. Ionic bonding – attraction between cations and anions
Covalent bonding – sharing of electrons
Metallic bonding – attraction between metal cations and

delocalized valence electrons.


 Intermolecular Forces

- occurs between neighboring molecules as a


INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF result of partial charges or between ions and molecules.
ATTRACTION - usually called van der Waals forces (Johannes
van der Waals, Dutch scientist).
Types of van der Waals forces:
1. Ion-dipole
2. Dipole-dipole
3. London dispersion forces
4. Hydrogen bond
INTERMOLECULAR  Ion-Dipole Forces
FORCES OF
- results when an ion and the partial charge found
ATTRACTION
at the end of a polar molecule attract each other.
- are important in solutions of ionic substances,
such as NaCl, in polar liquids like water.
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF
ATTRACTION

ION-DIPOLE FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR  Dipole-Dipole Forces
FORCES OF
ATTRACTION - attractive forces that exist between polar molecules.

- polar molecules attract each other when unlike


charges are close together and repel each other when like
charges are close together.
INTERMOLECULAR  Dipole-Dipole Forces
FORCES OF
- weaker than an ion-dipole force
ATTRACTION
- the strength of a given dipole-dipole interaction
depends on the sizes of the dipole moments involved.
 Dipole-Dipole Forces
INTERMOLECULAR • The more electronegative atom becomes partially
FORCES OF negative and has most electron density whereas the least
ATTRACTION electronegative becomes partially positive and has a
lesser electron density.
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF
ATTRACTION
Comparison of Molecular Weights, Dipole Moments, &
Boiling Points
INTERMOLECULAR Substance Molecular Dipole Boiling Point
FORCES OF Weight (amu) Moment (D) (K)
ATTRACTION CH3CH2CH3, 44 0.1 231
propane
(DIPOLE-DIPOLE CH3OCH3, dimethyl 46 1.3 248
FORCES) ether

CH3Cl, 50 1.9 249


chloromethane
CH3CN, acetonitrile 41 3.9 355
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF ATTRACTION

(DIPOLE-DIPOLE
FORCES)
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES

INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF ATTRACTION

LONDON DISPERSION
FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF ATTRACTION

LONDON DISPERSION
FORCES
Instantaneous dipole – exerts an influence on nearby particles which become an induced dipoles.

Polarizability – the ease with which a dipole can be induced.


- increases with increased molecular mass. The electrons in large molecules are less firmly
held and are easier to be polarized.

• As polarization and London forces increase, the boiling and melting points of covalent substances
increase with increasing molecular mass.

Molar Mass, Melting Points, and Boiling Points of Halogens


Halogen Molar Mass (g/mol) Melting Point (K) Boiling Point (K)
38 53.5 85.0
71 172.2 239.1
168 265.9 331.9
254 387.7 457.9
• The strength of instantaneous and induced dipoles depends on
molecular shape. Small and compact structures molecules are
more difficult to polarize than molecules with elongated
INTERMOLECULAR structures.
FORCES OF ATTRACTION

LONDON DISPERSION
FORCES

bp: 282.5 K bp: 309 K


INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF ATTRACTION

LONDON DISPERSION
FORCES
Hydrogen bond – is an attractive interaction between a hydrogen atom
bonded to an electronegative F, O, or N atom and an unshared electron pair of
another nearby electronegative atom.
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF ATTRACTION Ex. Hydrogen bonds occur in H2O, NH3, HF, CH3OH

HYDROGEN BONDING
Hydrogen bond – a special type of dipole-dipole interaction.

Consequences:
• Increase in boiling point with increasing molecular weight due
INTERMOLECULAR to increased dispersion forces.
FORCES OF ATTRACTION
• Low density of ice compound (0.917g/mL) compared to that
of water (1.00g/mL).
HYDROGEN BONDING
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF
ATTRACTION

HYDROGEN
BONDING
Exercise 1

 What type of intermolecular force will act in the


following substances? Justify your answer.

1. sulfur dioxide (SO2)


2. nitrogen gas (N2)
3. hydrogen fluoride (HF)
4. carbon dioxide (CO2)
5. neon gas (Ne)
6. magnesium chloride (MgCl2) dissolved in water (H2O)
Exercise 2

Identify the dominant intermolecular forces for the following substances.


Select the substance with the higher boiling point in each pair.

a. Ne and Ar
b. CH3OH and CH3CH2OH
c. HF and CH3F
d. BaCl2 and PCl3

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