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Chap 1 IMF Part4

The document discusses phase changes and phase diagrams. It describes the three main types of phase changes - solid to liquid, liquid to vapor, and solid to vapor - and how they involve changes in molecular order and energy. It also explains key features of phase diagrams including the three phases of matter (solid, liquid, gas), phase change lines, melting/freezing curves, and vaporization curves. An example phase diagram of carbon dioxide is presented and how dry ice can be used to create fog.

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lyza shane bernal
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30 views25 pages

Chap 1 IMF Part4

The document discusses phase changes and phase diagrams. It describes the three main types of phase changes - solid to liquid, liquid to vapor, and solid to vapor - and how they involve changes in molecular order and energy. It also explains key features of phase diagrams including the three phases of matter (solid, liquid, gas), phase change lines, melting/freezing curves, and vaporization curves. An example phase diagram of carbon dioxide is presented and how dry ice can be used to create fog.

Uploaded by

lyza shane bernal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY

2
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS
MERLYN GONZALES
Chapter 1: Lesson 4

PHASE CHANGES AND PHASE


DIAGRAM

Objectives:

1. Describe the nature of the following phase changes in terms of energy change and the
increase or decrease in molecular order: solid-liquid, liquid-vapor, and solid-vapor.

2. Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide.


PHASE CHANGES

 Phase Changes are transformations of matter from one


physical state to another.
 They occur when energy is added or removed from a
substance.
 They are characterized by changes in molecular order;
molecules in the solid phase have the greatest order, while
those in the gas phase have the greatest randomness or
disorder.
PHASE CHANGES What changes in molecular
orderoccur during phase changes?
TYPES OF PHASE CHANGES
How does a change in energy affect phase
changes?
PHASE CHANGES

5 Stages in the heating curve:


1. solid water absorbs heat ) 2. solid water melts
3. liquid water absorbs heat 4. liquid water vaporizes )
5. gaseous water absorbs heat
Heat of fusion ( – the amount of energy required to overcome the
intermolecular forces to convert a solid into a liquid.
PHASE CHANGES
Heat of vaporization ( – the amount of energy necessary to
convert a liquid into a gas.

Specific heat – the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of


one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.

Specific heat = joules/g

Transforming the equation for heat:

Q = mc
where,
Q = heat
m = mass
c = specific heat
= change in temperature
How does a change in energy affect phase
changes?
PHASE CHANGES
How can this effect be achieved using CO2
or dry ice?
PHASE DIAGRAMS
Carbon dioxide cannot exist as a liquid at atmospheric
pressure, the dry ice sublimates and instantly produces a
gas, condensing water vapor, and creating a thick white
fog.
 Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid
petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), are
flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon
gases.

 It is used as fuel in heating appliances,


cooking equipment, and vehicles
PHASE DIAGRAMS

 It is a graphical representation of the


PHASE DIAGRAMS physical states of a substance under
different conditions of temperature and
pressure.

 It gives the possible combinations of


pressure and temperature at which certain
physical state or states a substance would
be observed.
PHASE DIAGRAMS FEATURES OF PHASE DIAGRAMS

 Phase diagrams are plots of


pressure (usually in atmospheres)
versus temperature (usually in
degrees Celsius or Kelvin).

1. Three Areas (Solid, Liquid, Gas)


PHASE DIAGRAMS A. The Three Areas

 The three areas are marked solid,


liquid, and vapor. Under a set of
conditions in the diagram, a substance
can exist in a solid, liquid, or vapor
(gas) phase.
B. The Three Areas
PHASE DIAGRAMS

 The lines that serve as boundaries


between physical states represent the
combinations of pressures and
temperatures at which two phases can
exist in equilibrium.

 Inother words, these lines define phase


change points.
MELTING (OR FREEZING CURVE)
Melting (or Freezing Curve)
PHASE DIAGRAMS

 Melting (or freezing) curve – the curve


on a phase diagram which represents
the transition between liquid and solid
states.


It shows the effect of pressure on the
melting point of the solid. Anywhere on
this line, there is equilibrium between
the solid and the liquid.
VAPORIZATION (CONDENSATION CURVE)
PHASE DIAGRAM
From the phase diagram for water, determine the state of water at:

1. 35 °C and 85 kPa
2. −15 °C and 40 kPa
3. −15 °C and 0.1 kPa
4. 75 °C and 3 kPa
5. 40 °C and 0.1 kPa
6. 60 °C and 50 kPa

Answers:

1. Liquid
2. Solid
3. Solid
4. Gas
5. Gas
6. liquid
Evaporation of sweat requires energy and thus take excess heat away from the body. Some of
the water that you drink may eventually be converted into sweat and evaporate. If you drink a
20-ounce bottle of water that had been in the refrigerator at 3.8 °C, how much heat is needed
to convert all of that water into sweat and then to vapor?? (Note: Your body temperature is
36.6 °C. For the purpose of solving this problem, assume that the thermal properties of sweat
are the same as for water.)

Answer

20 ounces water= 567 g 567g/18.0g/mole = 31.5 moles

Heating 567 g from 3.8 °C to 100 °C q = m Cp ΔΔT = 567g x 4.18 J/g-°C x 96.2°C = 228 kJ
1

Vaporizing step q = n ΔHvap = 31.5 moles x 30.67 kJ/mole =1281 kJ


2

Cooling the vapor from 100 °C to 38.6 °C q = m Cp ΔT =567g x 1.84 x (-61.4) = -64 kJ
3

q Total
= q + q + q = 228kJ + 1281kJ -64kJ = 1445 kJ
1 2 3
PHASE DIAGRAM OF CARBON DIOXIDE

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