Muscular system

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 Outline
 Introduction
 Functions of skeletal system
 Common Properties of muscular tissue
 Types of muscles tissue
 Naming of muscles.
 Muscles the body compartments

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 INTRODUCTION
 comprises the largest group of tissues in the human
body
 Muscles which make up 40–50% of total adult body
weight.
 Consists of over 600-700 individual muscles
 Basic functions of muscles:
 body Movement
 Maintenance of posture
 Heat production (maintain Temp)
 Storing and moving substances within the body.
 Control the openings (sphincters)
 respiration
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 Properties of the muscular tissue
 All muscles have 4 common properties
1. Excitability;
ability to respond to a stimulus (i e: nerve impulse)
by producing electrical signals called action
Potentials (AP) two main types of stimuli trigger action
potentials.
2. Contractibility;
is the ability of muscular tissue to contract
forcefully when stimulated by an action potential .

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 ...cont’d
3.Extensibility
 is the ability of muscular tissue to stretch without
being damaged.
Extensibility allows a muscle to contract forcefully even if
it is already stretched.
Normally, smooth muscle is subject to the greatest amount
of stretching.
E.g. each time your stomach fills with food, the muscle in
its wall is stretched ,Cardiac muscle also is stretched each
time the heart fills with blood ability to be stretched
4. Elasticity
 allows the muscle to return to its original shape after it
has been stretched
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 Skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are arranged into
bundles called fascicles
Fascicles are bound by connective tissue

Four different connective tissue coverings

Deep fascia Epimysium
Surrounds entire Closely surrounds
skeletal muscle and skeletal muscle, binds
extends beyond its fascicles together
length

Perimysium Endomysium
Surrounds each Surrounds each
fascicle muscle fiber (cell)
 Connective Tissue Coverings
• Fascia
– Surrounds an individual
skeletal muscle,
separating it from other
muscles
– Fascia may extend
beyond the ends of the
muscle to become a
tendon
– Fascia may connect
muscle to muscle and is
called an aponeurosis
connective tissue components
 Three layers of connective tissue extend from the fascia to protect and
strengthen skeletal muscle
 The outermost layer, encircling the entire muscle, is the epimysium
 Perimysium (surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more
muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called fascicles (little
bundles).
 Surrounds the separating individual muscle fibers from one another is
endomysium (within), a thin sheath of areolar connective tissue.

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connective tissue components

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 TYPES OF MUSCLES TISSUE
Classified into three categories according to
 morphology and
 cross striations
 location
 functions

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Three Types of Muscular Tissue

(a) Skeletal muscle

(b) Cardiac muscle (c) Visceral smooth muscle

 1. Skeletal muscle
is so named because most skeletal
muscles move bones of the skeleton.
Each skeletal muscle cell is known as
muscle fiber
 consists of individual muscle fibers bundled into
fascicles.

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 Cont’d
Function of Skeletal muscles
 Attach to bones to provide voluntary
movement
 Produce heat and energy for the body
 Help maintain posture
 Protect internal organs
 Tendons: strong, tough connective cords
 Aponeurosis:extension of tendon as broad
and flat layer
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 Cont’d
 muscle tissue is striated:
Alternating light and dark bands (striations) are
seen when
the tissue is examined with a microscope
 Skeletal muscle tissue works mainly in a voluntary
manner.
 Its activity can be consciously controlled by neurons
(nerve cells) that are part of the somatic
(voluntary) division of the nervous system.

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 2. Cardiac muscle tissue
It is only found in
the heart wall
Striated,
involuntary muscle
branching
Uni- or binucleate.

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Cont..

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CARDIAC MUSCLE

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 3. Smooth muscle tissue
Cells
Single cells, uninucleated,
spindle(Fusiform) shaped
No striations(non -striated)
Smooth Muscle-Involuntary
It has layers-opposite orientation
(peristalsis)
Lines of hollow organs
found in walls of internal organs (intestines,
bladder, stomach, uterus, blood vessels)
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Type Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

Location Skeleton bone Heart visceral organs

associated
Sheath epi-, peri-, and Endomysium & peri Endomysium
endomysium

Cell shape long cylinders Short branching small spindles

anastomising cells Tapered at the
end
Number of nuclei and many per cell usually one per cell, one per cell
location of nuclei peripheral central central

Cross-striations present present absent

Intercalated discs absent present absent

Function voluntary involuntary involuntary

Growth and limited limited unlimited from

regeneration response other 22
 Naming of skeletal muscles
on the basis of shape, location, attachment orientation of
fibers, relative position, or function..
1. Shape:
 Rhomboideus= diamond
 Trapezius= trapezoid
 Quadratus =Square
 Orbicularis= Circular
2. based on number of heads of origin:
 Triceps it has three heads
 biceps it has two heads
3. Location:
 Pectoralis= chest
 Intercostal= between the ribs
 brachium = arm
• Temporalis=temporal bone and Frontalis= frontal bone 23
4. Attachment:
Zygomaticus= attachment on zygomatic bone
Temporialis= temporal bone
Nasalis= nasal bone
Femoris= attaches on femur
 tibialis= attachment on tibia
Sternocleidomastoid= origin from sternum and clavicle ;
inserted on mastoid process of temporal bone
5. Size:
 Maximus=largest
 medius
 Minimus=smallest
 Longus=longest
 Brevis=shorter

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6.Orientation of fibers:
 Rectus =straight parallel to the mid line
 Transversus =horizontal perpendicular to the mid
line
 Obliquus =diagonal muscle fascicles
 Orbicularis =circular muscle fibers
7. Relative position: 8. Action

lateral, - adductor
 medial, - flexor
 internal, and - pronator
external. - extensor 25
Size: Relative size of the muscle
Maximus =Largest -Gluteus maximus
Minimus =Smallest -Gluteus Minimus
Longus =Longest -Adductor longus
Latissimus =Widest -Latissimus dorsi
Longissimus = Longest -Longissimus muscles
Magnus = Large -Adductor magnus
Major =Larger -Pectoralis major
Minor = Smaller- Pectoralis minor
Vastus = Great -Vastus lateralis

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 Skeletal Muscle Attachments
 there are two attachment site
 Origin- the stationary end of the muscle attachment
 Insertion- the relatively moveable end of the skeletal
muscle attachment
 Belly(gaster)- the thick & flesh region between two
attachments (origin & insertion)
origin

belly

insertion
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 Muscle attachment Cont’d
Muscle attachments may be direct or indirect.
Direct – the epimysium part directly attached
to the bone or other soft tissues without a
tendon
Skeletal muscle doesn’t attach directly to the
bone
Indirect
either a cordlike structure= tendon or
abroad sheet like structure= aponeurosis
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Indirect attachments

Tendon

Aponeurosis

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 Coordinated action of muscle groups
 Muscles that perform opposite actions are antagonistic
muscles
e.g, Biceps brachii & triceps brachii
 Synergistic Muscles- are muscles that perform similar
actions
 Agonist ( prime mover) – muscles which perform great
action or a muscle that causes a desired action is referred to
as the prime mover or agonist ( leader).
 When you bend(flex) your elbow, the biceps brachii is
prime mover while the triceps brachii is antagonist

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 Muscles in the body rarely work
alone, & are usually arranged in
groups surrounding a joint
 A muscle that contracts to create
the desired action is known as an
agonist or prime mover
triceps
biceps  A muscle that helps the agonist is
a synergist
 A muscle that opposes the action
of the agonist, therefore undoing
the desired action is an antagonist
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Intrinsic& extrinsic muscles
 Intrinsic muscles -has both insertion and origin within
the same region
e.g. Intrinsic muscle of toungh which alter the shape of
the tongue rather moving the entire tongue
 Extrinsic muscles -muscles which has origin from other
body regions
e.g. extrinsic tongue muscles
– Genioglossus
– Styloglossus
– Palatoglossus
– hypoglossus
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1.MUSCLES OF THE HEAD & NECK
a) Muscles of the facial expressions
 Frontalis . Platysma

 Orbicularis oculi . Temporalis

 Nasalis . Occipitalis
 Lavator labii superioris . Bussinator
 Zygomaticus major &minor
 Orbicularis oris
 Masseter
 Depressor labii inferioris
 Depressor anguli oris
 All are innervated by facial nerve (VII)
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Muscles of Facial Expression

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Muscles of chewing
 Produce the biting and
chewing movements of
mandible .
temporalis
masseter
pterygoid ( 2 pairs)
medial & lateral
pterygoid
All are innervated by
mandibular branch of
trigeminal nerve(CN V).
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Abdominal wall muscles
• Rectus abdominis
• Transverse abdominis
• Internal and
• external oblique abdominis
Action: flex & rotate lumbar
vertebrae, fix & depress ribs,
stabilize pelvis during
walking, increase intra
abdominal pressure
All are innervated by
thoracic spinal nerve

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Superficial thorax muscles

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 temporalis

Trapezius Infraspinatus
Deltoid
Teres major Teres minor

Latissimus dorsi

l
G uteus medius

Gluteus maximum

Iliotibial tract

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External Intercostals
Elevate ribs

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Internal Intercostals
Depress ribs

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Diaphragm
Inspiration

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Deltoid muscle
• Thick powerful muscle forming the
rounded contour of the shoulder
• Used for arm abduction.
• The clavicular and spinal parts steady
the arm as it is abducted
• Prevent inferior displacement of the
head of the humerus from the
glenoid cavity

03/14/2024 muscles of the upper limb 45

 Muscles of Arm
 four major arm muscles,
three flexors
 biceps brachii
 brachialis
 Coracobrachialis
are in the anterior (flexor)
compartment, supplied by
the musculocutaneus nerve
 extensor (triceps brachii) is
in the posterior
compartment, supplied by
the radial nerve
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muscle of the forearm
 The anterior(flexor)
=(pronator )compartment
 The flexor muscles are
arranged in three layers or
groups
 A superficial layer or group
of four muscles
 pronator teres
 flexor carpi radialis
 palmaris longus
 flexor carpi ulnaris
 All are innervated by median
& ulnar nerve 47
Intermediate of anterior
compartment of fore arm
Only one muscle , flexor digitorum
superficialis(FDS)
Which is innervated by median nerve
 deep layer of forearm flexor
muscles.
 The following three muscles
form the
 Flexor Digitorum Profundus
 Pronator Quadratus
 Flexor Pollicis Longus
 All are innervated by median nerve
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 Extensor muscles of forearm
 The extensor muscles are in
the posterior (extensor-
supinator) compartment of
the forearm, and all are
innervated by branches of the
radial nerve
 Extensor digitorium
 Extensor Carpi radialis longus
 Extensor Carpi radialis Brevis
 Extensor digiti minimi
 Extensor Indicis
 Adductor pollici longus
 Extensor pollici brevis
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 Muscles of lower limbs
Gluteal region
There are superficial and deep
gluteal muscles
Superficial group
It consists of the three large
overlapping glutei (maximus,
medius, and Minimus) and the
tensor fasciae latae
The deep layer consists of
smaller muscles (piriformis,
obturator internus, superior and
inferior gemelli, and quadratus
femoris)

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Anterior (Extensor)
Compartment of thigh
muscle
Quadriceps femoris quadriceps
four heads of origin
• Rectus femoris straight;
fascicles
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis ;medialis
medial)
• Vastus intermedius
• Sartorius ;S shape anterior
muscle of the tight
• Innervated by femoral nerve 53
Medial (Adductor) Compartment
 Adductor magnus
 Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
 Pectineus
 Gracilis
All are innervated by obtrator nerve
Muscles acting on the Thigh posterior compartment
 Biceps femoris
 Semitendinosus
 Semimembranosus
These 3 muscles are used to flex the knee joint and
innervated by tibial branch of sciatic nerve 54
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Muscles That
Move the Thigh

Figure 7-20(b)

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Muscle of the leg
 Anterior compartment ( extensor compartment)
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus ( EDL) By deep fibular nerve
Extensor hallucis longus (EHL)
Fibularis teritus ,
 Posterior compartment(flexor compartment)
Superficial compartment
Gastrocnemus
Soleus By tibial nerve
Plantaris

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Deep posterior
compartment(flexor
compartment)
 Tibialis posterior
 popliteus
 Flexor hallucis
longus(FHL)
 flexor digitorum
longus(FDL)
all are innervated by
tibial nerve

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Lateral compartment
 There are only two muscles in the lateral
compartment
Fibularis longus
Its name is due to long tendon and superficial to the
brevis
fibularis brevis
gives the name because it has short tendon ,deep to
fibularis longus
 the lateral compartment of leg muscle are
innervated by superficial fibular nerve and the
anterior compartment is by deep fibular nerve
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Intramuscular Injection
 Site where free from nerves and important of injection of
drugs
 The gluteal region
 The gluteal region is a common injection site because the
muscles are thick and large; consequently, they provide a
substantial volume for absorption of injected substances by
intramuscular veins.
 It is important to be aware of the extent of the gluteal
region of Upper outer quadrant and the safe region for
giving injections
 Deltoid
 Vastus lateralis Are the common site for intramuscular injection
 umbilicus
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Cont..

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Cont..

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 Cont..
Complications of improper technique include nerve
injury, hematoma, and abscess formation

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Effects of Exercise on Muscle

Results of increased muscle use

Increase in muscle size
Increase in muscle strength
Increase in muscle efficiency
Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant

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THANK YOU

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