Module 1: Introduction to Civil Engineering &

Engineering Mechanics

Module 2: Analysis of Concurrent Force

Systems

Module 3: Analysis of Non-Concurrent Force

Systems

Module 4: Centroids and Moments of Inertia

of Engineering Sections

Module 5: Kinematics
 TEXT BOOKS
1. Elements Of Civil Engineering & Engineering Mechanics
by B.K. Kolhapure, E3P3, Eastern book promoters
Belgaum.

2. Elements of Civil Engineering & Engineering Mechanics

by H. J. Sawant and S. P. Nitsure, Technical
Publications.

3. Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering

Mechanics by M.N. Shesha Prakash and Ganesh. B.
Mogaveer, PHI Learning, 3rd Revised edition.
 REFERENCES
1. Engineering Mechanics-Statics and Dynamics by
A Nelson, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Ltd.

2. Engineering Mechanics by S.Timoshenko, D.H.Young,

and J.V.Rao, TATA McGraw-Hill Book Company.

3. Engineering Mechanics-Statics and Dynamics by

N. H. Dubey, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Ltd.
 Mechanics ?
A branch of physical science
which deals with ( the states
of rest or motion of ) bodies
Mechanics
under action of forces

Statics:
Equilibrium of bodies
Statics (no accelerated
motion)
-Equilibrium Dynamics under action of Forces
-Selected
Topics
Dynamics: Motion of bodies

Kinematics Kinetics

-Particles -Particles
-Rigid Bodies - Rigid Bodies
 Basic Concepts

Mechanics #2

Statics
Dynamics Structures
Mech of Materials Automotives
Fluid Mechanics Mechanics Robotics
Vibration Spacecrafts
Fracture Mechanics Etc.
Etc.
Basic Concept - Definition

Particle: Body of negligible dimensions

Rigid body: Body with negligible deformations

Non-rigid body: Body which can deform

Continuum : Several Particles like molecules, atoms and electrons.

Before considering
whether the body can
be assumed rigid-body
or not,
you need to estimate
the relevant force first.
In Statics, bodies are considered rigid
unless stated otherwise.
Basic Concept - Force

Force: Vector quantity that describes an action of

one body on another [Statics]

• In dynamics, force is an action that tends to

cause acceleration of an object.

• The SI unit of force magnitude is the newton

(N). One newton is equivalent to one kilogram-
meter per second squared (kg·m/s2 or kg·m · s –
2
)
SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalars: associated with “Magnitude” alone

- mass, density, volume, time, energy, … free vector

(“math”
Vectors: associated with “Magnitude” and “Direction” vector)

- force, displacement, velocity, acceleration,

…

Magnitude: Vector :
 
| V | or V V or V
:
Direction
PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS

Some principles that governs the world of Mechanics:

1. The Parallelogram Law

2. The Principle of Transmissibility

3. Newton’s First Law

4. Newton’s Second Law
5. Newton’s Third Law

6. Newton’s Law of Gravitation

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (1st Law)

The study of rigid body mechanics is

formulated on the basis of Newton’s laws
of motion.

First Law:
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in
motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the
same direction, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (2nd Law)

Second Law:
The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the vector
sum of forces acting on it, and is in the direction of this vector
sum.

 
m a
F

 
F  ma
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Third Law:
The mutual forces of action and reaction between
two particles are equal in magnitude, opposite in
direction, Forces always occur in pairs – equal and
and collinear. opposite action-reaction force pairs.

   
F F F F

Point: Isolate the body

Confusing? Concept of FBD (Free Body Diagram)

Newton’s Law of Gravitation

M GMm
F 2
r
F r
m
- M & m are particle masses
- G is the universal constant of gravitation,
6.673 x 10-11 m3/kg-s2
- r is the distance between the particles.

For Gravity on earth (at sea level)

m
W=mg

where
- m is the mass of the body in M
question
- g = GM/R2 = 9.81 m/s2 (32.2 ft/s2)
 FORCE SYSTEMS

Vector (2D)
Basic Concept

2-D Force Systems 3-D Force Systems

Moment Moment
Couple Couple
Resultants Resultants
Force
Force Representation
Use different colours in diagrams
• Vector quantity • Body outline  blue
– Magnitude • Load  red
– Direction • Miscellaneous  black
– Point of application (dimension, angle, etc.)

10 N
 FORCE SYSTEMS


Force is a vector F
Line of action is a straight
line colinear with the force

Force System:
 concurrent if the lines of
FA
action intersect at a point


parallel if the lines of action
y
FB are parallel

 
coplanar if the lines of action
FC FD lie on the same plane
x
 Type of Forces

 
Applied force
F F External force
Reactive force
Force
Stress
Internal force
Strain

Contact force Concentrated

Force Force

Body force Distributed

Rectangular Componentsiˆ ˆj  vector component = vector projection
• Most commonly used
y
Fx  F cos 
ĵ  Fy  F sin 
 F
Fy F  Fx2  Fy2
iˆ
  x
Fx   tan 1 | Fy / Fx |
  
   Fx , Fy  vector components of F
F  Fx  Fy (in x and y directions)
 
F  Fx iˆ  Fy ˆj Fx , Fy  scalar components of F
(in x and y directions)
 Fx=? Fy=? Fy   F cos(   )
 F y
  F ( cos  )
F 
x  F cos  minus
>90)

  x Fx  F sin(   )
= F sin 
Fx   F cos 
y
Fy   F sin 

x

F

y Fx  F cos 

Fy   F sin 
Point of Application
 Moment
In addition to the tendency to move a body, force
may also tend to rotate a body about an axis
(magnitude)
From experience (experiment) summation
magnitude depends only on “F” and “d”

Direction moment
axis

Moment is a vector
 Moment
• The moment of a force about a point or axis
measures the tendency of the force to cause
the body to rotate about the point or axis.

M=Fd
Moment
 Tendency of Force to Rotate a Body

Two effects of force:

1) Move a body in the direction of its application
2) Rotate a body around an axis.
 Moment Arm

M  Fd

Tendency of the force to rotate a body

Is proportional to
F and d

d: perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of force action

Right-Hand Rule

Moment in the
direction of thumb

Fingers curl in the direction

of the tendency to rotate
Sign of Moment (2D Convention)

Plus sign (+) : Clockwise (CW)

Minus sign (-) : Counter Clockwise (CCW)
 z
Moment Definition
• Moment is a vector quantity.
– Magnitude O
y
– Direction
– Axis of Rotation dy
x

• The unit of moment is N·m

• The moment-arm d (perpendicular distance)
• The right-hand rule
• Moment of a force or torque
Moment
Problem
1. Determine the moment of the force about point O.

Ans: ???? N-m

 Problem
2. A 200 N force acts on the bracket shown below.
Determine the moment of the force about point A.

Answer: 14.1N-m
 Problem
3. Determine the moment of each of the three forces about
point A. Solve the problem first by using each force as a
whole, and then by using the principle of moments.

Answer: 433 N_m, 1.30 kN_m, 800 N_m

4. In raising the flagpole, the tension T in the cable must supply a
Moment about O of 72 kN-m. Determine T.

25.981
tan 1  43.898
12  15 30sin 60
30 m  25.981m
d
 o 60 

12 m 15 m

72  Td  T (12) sin 43.898

 T  8.65 kN ANS
 Couple
- Couple is a summed moment produced by
two force of equal magnitude but opposite in
d direction.
M = – F(a+d) + Fa = – Fd
a
magnitude does not depend on distance a (point
 O),
F  i.e. any point on the body has the same magnitude.
F Couple  Fd Effect of Pure Rotation
– O
- tendency to rotate the “whole” object.
- no effect on moving object as translation.

2D representations: (Couples)

C
C C

couple is a free vector

 Force-couple systems
- Line of action of a force on a body may be changed if a couple
is added to compensated for the change in the tendency to rotate
of that body.    
C ? C  rBA  F
No changes in net external effect
 
 B F F
B F B

  d

F  C
F
A A A

Principle of transmissibility Force-couple system

The direction and magnitude of Force can not be changed, only line of action
(i.e. only change to other pararell line)

Procedure may be reversed to combine a force with a couple

   
C  r F B B
 F
from new location (B) r
C
to old location (A) A F A

B B F
C
A F A

No Moment: F
Principle of Transmissibility
A A
Principle of Transmissibility
is based on the fact that
B B
moving force along F
the line of action causes no effect in changing moment
 Why using equivalent system?

B F
B


A

F  C

Principle of transmissibility Force-couple system

All force systems are equal.
real (physical)
system In the viewpoint of Mechanics,
Result of force to these systems
are equal


M


equivalent system equivalent system
 Understanding Force-Couple system
Moment about point B of force F
= tendency of force F to rotate the object at point B
 couple occurs when moving Force F from A to B
( couple occurs when moving Force F parallel to

its line of action to the point B) 

0
Equivalent System
  
M A,F  0
   
F MA  rAB  F  C
  
B B
  
M B ,F  rBA  F D

F  D
C
MB  C
   A A    
M D ,F  rDA  F MD  rDB  F  C
 Be careful of the
direction of moment

70m
P F
12m
P F
Vector Diagram
CW  CCW
F  12  P  70
3600  70 P

P  51.42 kN Ans
2. Replace the force F by an equivalent force-couple system at point O.

F  50 kN 50 kN
y 20 

0.25 m
10 
250 mm. 0.1m

25
50 kN x
M
20  Couple occurred when moving F to O
= Moment of F about O

+ M o F cos 20 (0.1cos 25  0.25cos10 )

 F sin 20o (0.1sin 25o  0.25sin10o )

 17.3 N-m CCW Correct?


F  17.1iˆ  46.9 ˆj kN Ans
3. Engine number 3 fails. Determine the force-couple system on the
body about point o.

Moving all 3 forces to point O

F y (direction: left)

o R   F  90  90  90  270 kN
couples occuring when moving forces.

y sum of moments?
x M o  90 (21)  90 (12)  90 (21)
+

R   1080 kN  m (CW) ANS
 Sum of couples
M
Got the meaning?
 b cos20

exactly cancelled
b
D 300  b  cos 20o  60
20o

300N b  0.213 m Ans

60 N-m
 Problem
5. Determine the moment of the couple acting on the
machine member shown below

Ans: 390N-m
 Problem
6. Replace the three forces acting on the shaft beam by a
single resultant force. Specify where the force acts,
measured from end A.

Ans: 1302 N, 84.5°, 7.36 m

 2/6 Simplest Resultant
• Resultant of many forces-couple is the simplest force-couple combination
which can replace the original forces/couples without changing the external
effects on the body they act on


F1  
y 
F2 F3 y F2
 F2 y
F3
R
  
R1
Ry F1 R
F1 y

F3 
x
Point of application F1x F2 x F3 x
Rx
-Add two at a time  get     
line of action of R R  F1  F2  F3  ...   F Rx   Fx , R y   Fy

-Add many  do not get line R  ( Fx ) 2  ( Fy ) 2   tan 1 ( R y / Rx )

of action of R
 Easier way to get a resultant + its location

F1   
arbitrary F1 R  F
 F 1 d1
F2 
d1 O O F2
O
d2 
d3 F3
F 2 d2 Mo=(Fidi)
 F 3 d3
F3
1) Pick a point (easy to find 2) Replace each force with a force 3) Add forces and moments
moment arms) at point O + a couple

R (forces + couples : same procedures)

d=Mo/R 2D any forces + couples system resultant

O
 single-force system (no-couple)
Mo=Rd
or single-couple system  where 
  
R 0 
4) Replace force-couple system 3D any forces + couples system
with a single force  single-force + special single-couple (wrench)
 Thanks.
Be pride as being a Civil Engineer.