Adder/Subtractor Logic

Circuit
By:-Hardik Vasava
Yash Ravaliya
Abstract:-
The Adder/Subtractor logic circuit is a fundamental component in digital electronics,
crucial for arithmetic operations in computing systems. It combines the functionality of
addition and subtraction within a single circuit, enabling efficient computation of
numerical values. This circuit employs binary arithmetic principles to perform addition
and subtraction operations on binary numbers. By utilizing logic gates such as XOR,
AND, OR, and NOT gates, the Adder/Subtractor circuit efficiently calculates the sum or
difference of two binary inputs. The versatility and efficiency of this circuit make it
indispensable in various applications, including microprocessors, calculators, and digital
signal processing systems.
Combinational Circuit:-

 In digital electronics, adders and subtractors both are the combinational logic circuits
(a combinational logic circuit is one whose output depends only on the present inputs,
but not on the past outputs) that can add or subtract numbers, more specifically binary
numbers. Adders and subtractors are the crucial parts of arithmetic logic circuits in
processing devices like microprocessors or microcontrollers.
 What Is an Adder?

 We have different types of digital devices like computers, calculators that can perform
a variety of processing functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
etc. The most basic arithmetic operation that the ALU (arithmetic logic unit) of a
computer performs is the addition of two or more binary numbers. To perform the
operation of addition, a combinational logic circuit, named Adder is used.
 Adders are classified into two types namely −
i. Half Adder
ii. Full Adder
 Half Adder:
 A half adder is a basic digital circuit that performs binary addition on two single binary
digits (bits). It produces a sum (S) and a carry (Cout) output. However, a half adder does
not consider any carry input from previous stages. It can only add two bits and generate
their sum and carry.
 Inputs:
i. Two single binary digits to be added, typically labeled as A and B.
 Outputs:
i. Sum(S) Represents the result of the addition operation (A + B) for the current bit
position.
ii. Carry-out (Cout): Indicates whether there is a carry generated from the addition
operation.
Block Diagram And Truth Table:-

Characteristics Equations:-
Sum S=A⊕B=AB′+A′B
Carry C=A⋅B
 Full Adder:
 A full adder is a more complex digital circuit that adds three binary inputs: two bits (A
and B) and a carry-in (Cin) from a previous stage. It generates a sum (S) and a carry-
out (Cout) similar to the half adder but accounts for the carry-in from previous stages.
 Inputs:
i. Two single binary digits to be added, typically labeled as A and B.
ii. Carry-in (Cin): Represents the carry from the previous (less significant) bit position.
 Outputs:
i. Sum (S): Represents the result of the addition operation (A + B + Cin) for the current
bit position.
ii. Carry-out (Cout): Indicates whether there is a carry generated from the addition
operation that will propagate to the next (more significant) bit position.
 Block Diagram And Truth Table:-

 Characteristics Equations:-
a. Sum S=A⊕B⊕Cin=A′B′Cin+A′BC′in+AB′C′in+ABCin
b. Carry Cout=AB+ACin+BCin
 What Is Subtractor?

 The subtraction of two binary numbers can be performed by taking the 1’s or 2’s
complement of the inputs. By this method, the subtraction operation becomes an
addition operation, and thus can be performed by using the adder circuits. This results
in the reduction of hardware and cost. In the subtraction operation, each subtrahend bit
(B) of the number is subtracted from its corresponding significant minuend bit (A) to
obtain a difference bit.
 Similar to adders, subtractors are also of two types −
i. Half Subtractor
ii. Full Subtractor
 Half Subtractor:
 A half subtractor is a basic digital circuit that performs binary subtraction on two
single binary digits (bits). It produces a difference (D) and a borrow (Bout) output.
However, a half subtractor does not consider any borrow input from previous stages. It
can only subtract two bits and generate their difference and borrow.
 Inputs:
i. Two single binary digits, typically labeled as A (minuend) and B (subtrahend).
 Outputs:
i. Difference (D): Represents the result of the subtraction operation (A - B) for the
current bit position.
ii. Borrow-out (Bout): Indicates whether there is a borrow generated from the
subtraction operation.
Block Diagram And Truth Table:-

 Characteristics Equation:-
a. Difference d=A⊕B=A′B+AB′
b. Borrow b=A′B
 Full Subtractor:
 A full subtractor is a more complex digital circuit that subtracts three binary inputs: two
bits (A and B) and a borrow-in from a previous stage. It generates a difference and a
borrow-out similar to the half subtractor but accounts for the borrow-in from previous
stages.
 Inputs:
i. Two single binary digits, typically labeled as A (minuend) and B (subtrahend).
ii. Borrow-in (Bin): Represents the borrow from the previous bit position.
 Outputs:
i. Difference (D): Represents the result of the subtraction operation (A - B - Bin) for the
current bit position. Borrow-out (Bout): Indicates whether there is a borrow generated
from the subtraction operation that will propagate to the next bit position.
Block Diagram And Truth Table:-

 Characteristic Equation:-
a. Difference d=A⊕B⊕bin=A′B′bin+AB′b′in+A′Bb′in+Abbin
b. Borrow b=A′B′bin+A′Bb′in+A′Bbin+ABbin
 Applications:-
● Adder-subtractor logic circuits find applications in various digital systems where
arithmetic operations are required. Here are some common applications:-
1. Arithmetic Units in CPUs
2. Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
3. Control Systems
4. Calculator Circuits
5. Digital Filters
6. Error Correction Systems
7. Digital Audio Processing
Conclusion:-
 We can conclude the above discussion in the following points −
I. A combinational logic circuit which is designed to add two binary digits is called as a
half adder.
II. A combinational logic circuit that can add two binary digits (bits) and a carry bit, and
produces a sum bit and a carry bit as output is known as a full-adder.
III. A half-subtractor is a combinational logic circuit that have two inputs and two
outputs (i.e. difference and borrow).
IV. A full-subtractor is a combinational circuit that has three inputs A, B, bin and two
outputs d and b.