APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
UNIT-01
Artificial Intelligence
 In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in touch

with different new technologies day by day.

 Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is Artificial

Intelligence which is ready to create a new revolution in the world by making

intelligent machines.
 The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently working with a

variety of subfields, ranging from general to specific, such as self-driving cars,

playing chess, proving theorems, playing music, Painting, etc.
 AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has a

great scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a

human.
Artificial Intelligence
 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial

defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made

thinking power.“

 So, we can define AI as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can

behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as

learning, reasoning, and solving problems

 With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some

work, despite that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can

work with own intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to

less errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience

or information.

 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision

making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the

Chess game.

 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the

same action multiple times with high accuracy.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing

a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.

 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users

such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show

the products as per customer requirement.

 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-

driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for

security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in

human-language, etc.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it

requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.

 Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI,

but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for

which they are trained, or programmed.

 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer,

but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional

attachment with human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper

care is not taken.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of

technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and

hence they are losing their mental capabilities.

 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine

some new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of

human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

Application of AI
Application of AI
 AI in Astronomy Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI

technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

 AI in Healthcare In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare

industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.

 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can help

doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to

the patient before hospitalization.

 AI in Gaming AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like

chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

 AI in Finance AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is

implementing automation, Chabot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning

into financial processes.

Application of AI
 AI in Data Security The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very

rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as

AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

 AI in Social Media Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles,

which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of

data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

 AI in Travel & Transport AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing

various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best

routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chat bots which can make human-like

interaction with customers for better and fast response.

Application of AI
 AI in Automotive Industry Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide
virtual assistant to their user for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot,

an intelligent virtual assistant. Various Industries are currently working for developing self-

driven cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.

 AI in Robotics Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually,

general robots are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with

the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own

experiences without pre-programmed. Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in

robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been

developed which can talk and behave like humans.

Application of AI
 AI in Entertainment We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some

entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show

the recommendations for programs or shows.

 AI in Agriculture Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best

result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying

AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very

helpful for farmers.

 AI in E-commerce AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming

more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with

recommended size, color, or even brand.

 AI in education: AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can

communicate with students as a teaching assistant. AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor

for students, which will be accessible easily at any time and any place.
AGENT
• An agent can be anything that perceive its environment through sensors and act upon that environment

through actuators. An Agent runs in the cycle of perceiving, thinking, and acting. An agent can be:

 Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which work for sensors and hand, legs,

vocal tract work for actuators.

 Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, infrared range finder, NLP for sensors and various

motors for actuators.

 Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as sensory input and act on those

inputs and display output on the screen.

• Hence the world around us is full of agents such as thermostat, cellphone, camera, and even we are also

agents.
AGENT
 Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and sends the

information to other electronic devices. An agent observes its environment through sensors.
 Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into motion. The

actuators are only responsible for moving and controlling a system. An actuator can be an
electric motor, gears, rails, etc.
 Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment. Effectors can be legs,

wheels, arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display screen.

Intelligent Agent
 An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which act upon an environment using sensors and

actuators for achieving goals. An intelligent agent may learn from the environment to achieve

their goals. A thermostat is an example of an intelligent agent.

 Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:

• Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the environment.

• Rule 2: The observation must be used to make decisions.

• Rule 3: Decision should result in an action.

• Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.

Rational Agent
A rational agent is an agent which has clear preference,
models uncertainty, and acts in a way to maximize
its performance measure with all possible actions.
A rational agent is said to perform the right things. AI
is about creating rational agents to use for game theory
and decision theory for various real-world
scenarios.
For an AI agent, the rational action is most important
because in AI reinforcement learning algorithm, for each
best possible action, agent gets the positive reward and
for each wrong action, an agent gets a negative reward.
Structure of an AI Agent
 The task of AI is to design an agent program that implements the
agent function. The structure of an intelligent agent is a
combination of architecture and agent program. It can be viewed as:
Agent = Architecture + Agent program
Following are the main three terms involved in the structure of an
AI agent:
 Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes
on.
 Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an
action.
 Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of agent
function. An agent program executes on the physical architecture to
produce function .
Types of Agents
 In artificial intelligence, an agent is a computer program or system that
is designed to perceive its environment, make decisions and take
actions to achieve a specific goal or set of goals.
 Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of
perceived intelligence and capability :
• Simple Reflex Agents
• Model-Based Reflex Agents
• Goal-Based Agents
• Utility-Based Agents
• Learning Agent
• Multi-agent systems
• Hierarchical agents
Simple Reflex Agents
Simple reflex agents ignore the rest of the percept history
and act only on the basis of the current percept.
Percept history is the history of all that an agent has
perceived to date.
Problems with Simple reflex agents are :
• Very limited intelligence.
• No knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the state.
• Usually too big to generate and store.
• If there occurs any change in the environment, then the
collection of rules needs to be updated.
Model-Based Reflex Agents
It works by finding a rule whose condition matches the current
situation.
 They use a model of the world to choose their actions. They
maintain an internal state.
 Model − knowledge about “how the things happen in the
world”.
 Internal State − It is a representation of unobserved aspects
of current state depending on percept history.
 Updating the state requires the information about −
• How the world evolves.
• How the agent’s actions affect the world.
.
Goal-Based Agents
These kinds of agents take decisions based on how far they are
currently from their goal(description of desirable situations).
 Their every action is intended to reduce their distance from
the goal. This allows the agent a way to choose among multiple
possibilities, selecting the one which reaches a goal state.
They usually require search and planning. The goal-based
agent’s behavior can easily be changed.
Utility-Based Agents
The agents which are developed having their end uses as
building blocks are called utility-based agents.
When there are multiple possible alternatives, then to decide
which one is best, utility-based agents are used. They choose
actions based on a preference (utility) for each state. Sometimes
achieving the desired goal is not enough.
They choose actions based on a preference (utility) for each
state.
Goals are inadequate when −
• There are conflicting goals, out of which only few can be achieved.
• Goals have some uncertainty of being achieved and you need to
weigh likelihood of success against the importance of a goal.
Learning Agent
 A learning agent in AI is the type of agent that can learn from its past
experiences or it has learning capabilities. It starts to act with basic
knowledge and then is able to act and adapt automatically through
learning.
 A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:
1. Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by
learning from the environment.
2. Critic: The learning element takes feedback from critics which describes
how well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance standard.
3. Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action.
4. Problem Generator: This component is responsible for suggesting
actions that will lead to new and informative experiences.
Multi-Agent Systems
These agents interact with other agents to achieve a
common goal. They may have to coordinate their actions
and communicate with each other to achieve their
objective.
A multi-agent system (MAS) is a system composed of
multiple interacting agents that are designed to work
together to achieve a common goal.
Hierarchical Agents
 These agents are organized into a hierarchy, with high-level agents overseeing the
behavior of lower-level agents.
 The high-level agents provide goals and constraints, while the low-level agents carry
out specific tasks.
 Hierarchical agents are useful in complex environments with many tasks and sub-
tasks.
• In a simple system, there may be only two levels: high-level agents and low-level
agents.
• In a more complex system, there may be multiple levels, with intermediate-level
agents responsible for coordinating the activities of lower-level agents.
• One advantage of hierarchical agents is that they allow for more efficient use of
resources.
• By organizing agents into a hierarchy, it is possible to allocate tasks to the agents that
are best suited to carry them out, while avoiding duplication of effort. This can lead to
faster, more efficient decision-making and better overall performance of the system.
The Functions of an Artificial Intelligence Agent
The functions of an agent in artificial intelligence are as follows:
• To resolve complex issues using intelligent machines.

• To decide what to do in a specific situation.

• To make conclusions and take decisions.

• The perception of dynamic environmental circumstances.

• Using logic to interpret perceptions.

• To make an effort to change environmental conditions.

Use-cases of Agents
Robotics
Autonomous systems
Smart homes and buildings
Transportation systems
Traffic management
Intelligent personal assistants
Healthcare
Finance
Games
Natural language processing
Cybersecurity
Environmental monitoring
Social media
PEAS Representation
PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent works
upon. When we define an AI agent or rational agent,
then we can group its properties under PEAS
representation model. It is made up of four words:
 P: Performance measure
 E: Environment
 A: Actuators
 S: Sensors
PEAS for self-driving cars
Self-driving cars
Let's suppose a self-driving car then PEAS
representation will be:
Performance: Safety, time, legal drive, comfort
Environment: Roads, other vehicles, road signs
Actuators: Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn
Sensors: Camera, GPS, speedometer, odometer,
accelerometer, sonar.
Example of Agents with their PEAS representation
Problem Solving Techniques in AI
 Problem-solving is a process that is used to achieve goals or solve specific
situations.
 In computer science, problem-solving refers to the use of artificial intelligence
methods such as algorithms and root-cause analyses.
 AI problem-solving involves investigating potential solutions through reasoning
techniques and using modelling frameworks.
 Each problem may have multiple solutions, each achieved with a unique
algorithm.
 Some problems may have original remedies, meaning that new and innovative
solutions may be required.
 The approach to problem-solving depends on how the situation is framed.
Different perspectives or viewpoints may lead to different approaches in finding
solutions.
Cases involving Artificial Intelligence Issues
Artificial intelligence is being utilized by programmers
globally for automating systems and improving
resource and time management.
 AI algorithms are highly effective in solving various
games and puzzles, including mathematics challenges,
logical puzzles, Sudoku, and Chess.
 AI has successfully resolved common issues in these
areas through its applications and advancements.
Cases involving Artificial Intelligence Issues
• Chess
• N-Queen problem: The N Queen is the problem of placing N chess queens on

an N×N chessboard so that no two queens attack each other .

• Tower of Hanoi Problem
• Travelling Salesman Problem
• Water-Jug Problem
Approaches for Resolving Problems
Problem Solving Agent: When the correct action to take is
not immediately obvious, an agent may need to plan ahead, to
consider a sequence of actions that form a path to a goal state.
Such an agent is problem problem-solving agent.
And the computational process it undertakes is called search.
The effective approaches of artificial intelligence make it
useful for resolving complicated issues.
 All fundamental problem-solving methods used throughout
AI were listed below.
Problem Solving Process
When the agent knows the environment then it follows the below
process. And if the agent doesn’t know the environment then the
agent performs actions at random.
Goal Formation: Goals organize behaviour by limiting
the objectives.
Problem Formulation: the agent devises a description
of the states and actions necessary to reach the goal.
Search: Searching until it finds a sequence of actions
that reaches the Goal.
Execution: Agent Executes the actions in the solution
one at a time.
Heuristics
The heuristic approach relies on experimentation and
testing to understand and solve problems.
Heuristics may not always provide the best solution to
a specific problem, but they can be effective for
achieving short-term objectives.
Developers often resort to heuristics when traditional
techniques fail to solve a problem effectively.
Heuristics are used together with optimization
algorithms to increase efficiency, as they offer quick
alternatives but may sacrifice accuracy.
Searching Algorithms
AI solves challenges through searching algorithms,
using molecular representations.
These algorithms have attributes like completeness,
optimality, time complexity, and high computational
efficiency, making them crucial for problem-solving.
Computing Evolutionary
The evolutionary theory of "survival of the fittest"
suggests that when a species successfully reproduces in
a changing environment, its coping mechanisms are
passed down to future generations, creating new
species.
Mutated animals combine traits that fit the harsh
environment, making them not clones of the old ones.
Humanity, as an example, has evolved and expanded
due to the accumulation of advantageous mutations
over numerous generations, demonstrating the impact
of evolution on development.
Genetic Algorithms
Genetic algorithms, based on evolutionary theory, use
direct random search to combine the healthiest
options for a desirable offspring.
The fit factor is calculated by gathering demographic
information and assessing each individual's overall
health.
The creators then employ various methodologies to
retain the best participants, ensuring the best
outcomes for the offspring.
Thank you