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Learning

The document discusses different theories of learning including behavioral, cognitive, and social learning theories. Behavioral learning theories include classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli through experiences. Operant conditioning explains how consequences influence whether behaviors are repeated through reinforcement or punishment. Cognitive learning theory focuses on how people actively process and organize new information. Social learning theory emphasizes that people can learn through observing others.

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neeta
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16 views

Learning

The document discusses different theories of learning including behavioral, cognitive, and social learning theories. Behavioral learning theories include classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli through experiences. Operant conditioning explains how consequences influence whether behaviors are repeated through reinforcement or punishment. Cognitive learning theory focuses on how people actively process and organize new information. Social learning theory emphasizes that people can learn through observing others.

Uploaded by

neeta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning

Definition
• Learning is both an emotional and an intellectual
process.
• A process resulting in some modification, relatively
permanent, in the way of thinking, feeling, doing,
of the learner.
• “Learning may be defined as a relatively permanent
change in behavior that occurs as a result of prior
experience”.
LEARNING – EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE

When employee learn , they acquire both explicit and implicit


knowledge.

EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE
Explicit knowledge is organized and can be communicated from one
person to another.

Explicit knowledge can be written down and given to others. However


this knowledge is only a small portion of the total knowledge.

Ex: the information a student receives in a class room is mainly an


explicit knowledge because the professor’s discussions are
consciously transfered to the students.
LEARNING – EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE

IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE
Implicit knowledge is the idea that one knows more than
what he or she tells .

Implicit knowledge is embedded in our actions and the


ways of thinking , but not clearly understood and therefore
cannot be communicated explicitly.

Implicit knowledge is acquired through observation and


direct experience.
LEARNING – EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE

Organizations acquire implicit knowledge when


employees experiment with new technologies or work
on unique problems for clients.

Most knowledge in organizations is implicit and one of


the challenges is to make implicit knowledge explicit ,
so it may be stored and shared more easily.
The characteristics of learning

Learning is-
• Producing a behavioral change in the learner
• Leading to a relatively permanent change that is
also gradual,
• Adaptable and selective
• Resulting from practice, repetitions and
experience
• Not directly observable
LEARNING THEORIES

Behavioral Learning Theory


1) Classical conditioning
2) Operant conditioning
Cognitive Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory
Behaviorism
Definition

Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory


of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction
with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses
to environmental stimuli shape our actions.
Classical Conditioning Theory

Pavlov was studying the digestive system of dogs and


became intrigued with his observation that dogs deprived
of food began to salivate when one of his assistants
walked into the room.

He began to investigate this phenomena and established


the laws of classical conditioning.
Basic- ‘Classical Conditioning’
Classical Conditioning
A behavioral theory of
learning based on a
trial-and-error process,
with habits forced as
Instrumental
the result of positive
(Operant)
experiences
Conditioning
(reinforcement)
resulting from certain
responses or
behaviors.
OPERANT CONDITIONING

Operant conditioning , also called instrumental


conditioning refers to the process that our behavior
produces certain consequences and how we behave in the
future will depend on what those consequences are.

If our actions have pleasant effects , then we will be more


likely to repeat them in the future .

If our actions have unpleasant effects, we are less likely to


repeat them in future.
OPERANT CONDITIONING

According to this theory , behavior is the function of its


consequences.

Operant conditioning emphasis voluntary behaviors –


they make the environment respond in ways that we
want.
OPERANT CONDITIONING

BEHAVIORS CONSEQUENCES
 Works  Is paid
 Talks to others  Meets more people
 Enter a restaurant  Obtains food
 Enter a library  Finds a book
 Increases productivity  Receives merit pay
 Completes a difficult  Receives praise and
assignments promotion
Behavioral Theory:
Operant Conditioning
REINFORCEMENT VS. PUNISHMENT

If the consequences after a response increasethe


likelihood of the response happening again
It’s reinfo rceme nt

If the consequences after a response decrease


the
likelihood of the response happening again
It’s punishment
TWO TYPES OF
REINFORCEMENT

Positive Reinforcement —add something desirable Negative

Reinforcement — remove something aversive

Two Types of Punishment

Positive Punishment — add something


aversive Negative Punishment — remove
something desirable
Positive Punishment- Example:

Negative Punishment- Example:

Note: Time out means "an imposed temporary suspension of activities,


especially the separation of a misbehaving child from the others as a disciplinary
measure."
Response to Reinforcement and Punishment
Punishment Pattern- Recommended

Punishment should be:


1. Mildly unpleasant
2. Short in duration
3. Applied as soon as possible after the
behavior

Examples of Effective Punishment


- Time Out
- Response Cost
- Verbal warning
- In-house Suspension
Punishment Pattern- Recommended
Examples of Punishment to Avoid:
-Physical Punishment
-Psychological Punishment
-Extra Classwork
-Suspension from School

Guidelines for Using Punishment:


• Choose punishment strong enough to discourage
the behavior but not overly severe
• Dont Bluff
• Explain why the behavior is unacceptable
• Teach and reinforce desirable alternative behaviors
Rewards- Recommendation

• Praise, if used correctly, can increase intrinsic motivation


by being informational
• Give unexpected rewards
• Avoid tangible rewards (eg. Money)
• Rewards may decrease intrinsic motivation when given for
simply engaging in an activity.
• Rewards should be dependent upon meeting a standard or
advanced level of performance
COGNITIVE THEORY OF LEARNING

Cognitive process assumes that people are conscious, active


participants in how they learn.

Cognitive theory of various assumes that the organism learns


the meaning of various objects and events and learned
responses depending on the meaning assigned to stimuli.

The cognitive theory of learning is relevant in the contemporary


managerial practices.

Prior learning  behavioral choice perceived consequences.


SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Also called observational learning , social learning


theory emphasizes the ability of an individual to learn by
observing others.

The important models may include parents, teachers,


peers , motion pictures, TV artists, bosses and others.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

An individual acquires new knowledge by observing


what happens to his or her model. this is known as
vicarious learning.

A learner acquires tacit knowledge and skills through


vicarious learning.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Social learning has considerable relevance in OB . A great


deal of what is learned about how to behave in
organizations can be explained as the result of the process
of observational learning.

Social learning is also valuable because it enhances the


self-efficacy of the learner and also people gain self-
confidence after observing some one else do it than if
they are simply told what to do and also helps employees
to shape behaviors that benefit the organization.

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