Operating System -

Overview
Operating System

 It is an interface between a computer user and computer

hardware.
 A software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral
devices such as disk drives and printers.
 A software that enables applications to interact with a
computer’s hardware.
 The software that contains the core components of the
operating system is called the kernel.
Operating System

 The primary purposes of an Operating System are to

enable applications (softwares) to interact with a
computer's hardware and to manage a system's hardware
and software resources.
Architecture diagram of OS
Operating System Generations
0th Generation

 The term 0th generation is used to refer to the period of

development of computing when Charles Babbage
invented the Analytical Engine and later John Atanasoff
created a computer in 1940.
 The hardware component technology of this period was
electronic vacuum tubes.
 There was no Operating System available for this
generation computer and computer programs were written
in machine language.
0th Generation

 This computers in this generation were inefficient and

dependent on the varying competencies of the individual
programmer as operators.
Vacuum Tubes
First Generation (1951-1956)

 The first generation marked the beginning of commercial

computing including the introduction of Eckert and Mauchly’s
UNIVAC I in early 1951, and a bit later, the IBM 701.
 System operation was performed with the help of expert
operators and without the benefit of an operating system for a
time though programs began to be written in higher level,
procedure-oriented languages, and thus the operator’s routine
expanded. Later mono-programmed operating system was
developed, which eliminated some of the human intervention in
running job and provided programmers with a number of
desirable functions.
First Generation (1951-1956)

 These systems still continued to operate under the control

of a human operator who used to follow a number of steps
to execute a program.
 Programming language like FORTRAN was developed by
John W. Backus in 1956.
Second Generation (1956-1964)

 The second generation of computer hardware was most

notably characterised by transistors replacing vacuum tubes
as the hardware component technology.
 The first operating system GMOS was developed by the IBM
computer. GMOS was based on single stream batch processing
system, because it collects all similar jobs in groups or
batches and then submits the jobs to the operating system
using a punch card to complete all jobs in a machine.
Operating system is cleaned after completing one job and
then continues to read and initiates the next job in punch
card.
Second Generation (1956-1964)

 Researchers began to experiment with multiprogramming

and multiprocessing in their computing services called the
time-sharing system. A noteworthy example is the
Compatible Time Sharing System (CTSS), developed at MIT
during the early 1960s.
Transistors
Third Generation (1964-1979)

 The third generation officially began in April 1964 with

IBM’s announcement of its System/360 family of
computers. Hardware technology began to use integrated
circuits (ICs) which yielded significant advantages in both
speed and economy.
 Operating system development continued with the
introduction and widespread adoption of
multiprogramming. The idea of taking fuller advantage of
the computer’s data channel I/O capabilities continued to
develop.
Third Generation (1964-1979)

 Another progress which leads to developing of personal

computers in fourth generation is a new development of
minicomputers with DEC PDP-1. The third generation was
an exciting time, indeed, for the development of both
computer hardware and the accompanying operating
system.
Fourth Generation (1979 – Present)

 The fourth generation is characterised by the appearance

of the personal computer and the workstation.
 The component technology of the third generation, was
replaced by very large scale integration (VLSI). Many
Operating Systems which we are using today like Windows,
Linux, MacOS etc developed in the fourth generation.
Functions of an operating system

 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 Device Management
 File Management
 Network Management
 Security
 Control over system performance
Functions of Operating system

 Job accounting
 Error detecting aids
 Coordination between other software and users
Activity: Identify the operating systems shown below
and the device where they are being used
(computer or mobile).