◦BOOK CHAPTER 5

◦(Force and Motion-I)

LESSON 4
Force and interactions:
 A force is a push or a pull.

 A force is an interaction between two objects.

 A force is a vector quantity, with magnitude and direction.

Units of force: SI unit: Newton (N); CGS unit: dyne; British unit: pound (lb)
If two or more forces act on a body, we find the net force (or resultant force)
by adding them as vectors.

⃗ ^
𝐹 =𝐹 𝑥 𝑖+𝐹 ^𝑗
𝑦

Reference: university Physics

The force , which acts at an angle from the x-axis, may be replaced by its rectangular
component vectors and .
 Some Particular Forces:
 The Gravitational Force:
A gravitational force on a body is a pull by another body. In most situations,
the other body is Earth or some other astronomical body. For Earth, the force is
directed down toward the ground, which is assumed to be an inertial frame.
With that assumption, the magnitude of is

where m is the body’s mass and g is the magnitude of the free-fall

acceleration.
 Normal Force:
A normal force is the force
on a body from a surface
against which the body
presses. The normal force is
always perpendicular to the
surface.

Figure (a) A block resting on a table experiences a normal force

perpendicular to the tabletop. (b) The free-body diagram for the block.
 Weight:
The weight W of a body is equal to the magnitude of the gravitational force
on the body.
That is,

 Frictional force:
A frictional force is the force on a
body when the body slides or
attempts to slide along a surface.
The force is always parallel to the
surface and directed so as to
oppose the sliding. On a
frictionless surface, the frictional
force is negligible.
 Tension:
When a cord (or a rope, cable, or other such
object) is attached to a body and pulled taut,
the cord pulls on the body with a force
directed away from the point of attachment to
the body and along the cord (as shown in the
adjacent figure). The force is often called a
tension force. For a massless cord (a cord with
negligible mass), the pulls at both ends of the
cord have the same magnitude T, even if the cord
runs around a massless, frictionless pulley (a
pulley with negligible mass and negligible friction
on its axle to oppose its rotation).
Newtonian Mechanics:
The relation between a force and the acceleration it causes was first
understood by Isaac Newton (1642 –1727) .The study of that relation, as
Newton presented it, is called Newtonian mechanics. We shall focus on its
three primary laws of motion.

Newton’s First Law:

If there is no net force on a body, the body remains at rest if it is initially at
rest or moves in a straight line at constant speed if it is in motion.
OR
If no net force acts on a body (), the body’s velocity cannot change; that is, the
body cannot accelerate.

Newton’s Second Law:

The net force( on a body is equal to the
product of the body’s mass (m) and its
acceleration (. For a specific case along x-axis,
In vector equation form, 𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 , 𝑥 =𝑚 𝑎𝑥
⃗
𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =𝑚 ⃗
𝑎 𝐹 1 − 𝐹 2=𝑚 𝑎𝑥
Newton’s Third Law:

When two bodies interact, the forces on the bodies from each other are always equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.

For the book and crate, we can write this law as the vector relation
⃗
𝐹 𝐵𝐶 =− ⃗
𝐹 𝐶𝐵
(equal magnitudes and opposite directions)

The force on B due to C has the

same magnitude as the force on
C due to B.
Free-body diagram for an object:
A free-body diagram is a stripped-
down diagram in which only one body
is considered. That body is represented
by either a sketch or a dot. The
external forces on the body are drawn
(as shown in figure 2), and a
coordinate system is superimposed, Fig.1 A box is pulled up a plane by
oriented so as to simplify the solution. a cord.

Fig.2 Four forces acting on the box:

The tension force (), the normal force(),
the frictional force(), and the gravitational
force().
Problem 3 (Book chapter 5):
If the 1 kg standard body has an acceleration of 2.00 m/s 2 at 20.0° to the
positive direction of an x axis, what are (a) the x component and (b) the y
component of the net force acting on the body, and (c) what is the net force
in unit-vector notation? 𝑦
Answer:

(a) The x component acceleration, ⃗

𝒂
𝟎
𝟐𝟎 𝑥
The x component force,

(b) The y component acceleration,

2
𝑎 𝑦 = ( 2 )( 0.3420 )=0.6840 𝑚/ 𝑠
The y component force,

(c) The resultant force (net force) in unit -vector notation,

⃗ ^
𝐹 =𝐹 𝑥 𝑖+𝐹 ^ ^ ^
𝑦 𝑗=1.879 𝑖+0.684 𝑗
Problem 33 (Book chapter 5):
An elevator cab and its load have a combined mass of 1600 kg. Find the
tension in the supporting cable when the cab, originally moving downward at
12 m/s, is brought to rest with constant acceleration in a distance of 42 m.
𝑦
Answer: We have from Newton’s second law,
𝑥

𝑦 =− 42 𝑚
⃗
𝒗𝟎
𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔=𝑚𝑎
𝑇 =𝑚𝑎+𝑚𝑔=𝑚 ( 𝑎+𝑔 )=1600 (𝑎+9.8) ⃗
𝑻
To find we use the following formula, 𝒎 ⃗
𝒗
2 2
𝑣 = 𝑣 0 +2 𝑎𝑦 ⃗
𝑭𝒈
0=(−12)2 +2 𝑎(− 42) Therefore,
Here,
0=144 − 84 𝑎 𝑇 =1600 (1.714+9.8) 𝑣 =0 𝑚/ 𝑠
84 𝑎=144 𝑚=1600 𝑘𝑔
𝑇 =1600 (1.714+9.8) 𝑦 =− 42 𝑚
𝟐
𝒂=𝟏 .𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝒎/𝒔 𝑇 =?
𝑻=𝟏𝟖,𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝑵
Problem 37 (Book chapter 5):
A 40 kg girl and an 8.4 kg sled are on the frictionless ice of a frozen lake, 15
m apart but connected by a rope of negligible mass. The girl exerts a
horizontal 5.2 N force on the rope. What are the acceleration magnitudes of
(a) the sled and (b) the girl? (c) How far from the girl's initial position do they
meet?

Answer: Since the rope is of negligible mass,

the pulls at both ends of the rope have
the same magnitude T.
(a) For girl (b) For sled
From Newton’s second law, From Newton’s second law,
𝑻 =𝒎𝒈 𝒂 𝒈 𝑻 =𝒎𝒔 𝒂 𝒔
[where,
[where, sled
and sled]

𝑇 5.2 𝑇 5.2 2
𝑎𝑔 = = =0.13 𝑚 /𝑠
2 𝑎𝑠 = = =0.619 𝑚 / 𝑠
𝑚 𝑔 40 𝑚𝑠 8.4
 (c) We assume that they will meet at point C after a time t.

For girl,
1 2
𝑥 𝑔=0+ 𝑎 𝑔 𝑡 [since initial velocity of
2 girl is zero] 𝐶 𝑥
1 2 0
𝑥 𝑔= 𝑎𝑔 𝑡
2 𝑥𝑔 𝑥 𝑠=15 − 𝑥𝑔
For sled,
15 𝑚
1 2
−(15 − 𝑥 ¿¿ 𝑔)=− 𝑎 𝑠 𝑡 ¿ [since the displacement and acceleration are negative to x axis]
2
1 2 1 2
15 − 𝑎𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑠 𝑡
2 2
0.13 2 0.619 2 Therefore,
15 − 𝑡= 𝑡
2 2
𝟎 . 𝟏𝟑
2
15 − 0.065 𝑡 =0.3095 𝑡
2
𝒙 𝒈= ( 𝟔 . 𝟑𝟐𝟗 )𝟐 =𝟐 .𝟔𝟎𝟒 𝒎
𝟐
2
0.3745 𝑡 =15
𝒕=𝟔.𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝒔
 Let’s Try …….
1. [ Chap 5 - problem 8]: Two horizontal forces act on a 2.0 kg chopping block that can slide
over a frictionless kitchen counter, which lies in an xy plane. One force is ሬ Ԧ
𝐹ሬሬ
1 = (3 𝑖Ƹ
) + (4𝑗Ƹ
)
Find the acceleration of the chopping block in unit-vector notation when the other force is
(a) ሬ Ԧ
𝐹ሬሬሬ
2 = ሺ−3 𝑖Ƹ ሻ (b) ሬ
ሻ + ሺ−4𝑗Ƹ Ԧ
𝐹ሬሬሬ
2 = ሺ−3 𝑖Ƹ ሻ and (c) ሬ
ሻ + ሺ4𝑗Ƹ Ԧ
𝐹ሬሬሬ
2 = ሺ3 𝑖Ƹ
ሻ + ሺ−4𝑗Ƹ
ሻ

2. [ Chap 5 - problem 17]: In Fig. 5-36, let the mass of the block be 8.5
kg and the angle be 𝜃 = 30𝑜 . Find (a) the tension in the cord and (b)
the normal force acting on the block. (c) If the cord is cut, find the
magnitude of the resulting acceleration of the block.

3. [ Chap 5 – problem 25]: A “sun yacht” is a spacecraft with a large sail

that is pushed by sunlight. Although such a push is tiny in everyday
circumstances, it can be large enough to send the spacecraft outward from the Sun on a
cost-free but slow trip. Suppose that the spacecraft has a mass of 900 kg and receives a
push of 20 N. (a) What is the magnitude of the resulting acceleration? If the craft starts
from rest, (b) how far will it travel in 1 day and (c) how fast will it then be moving?

4. [ Chap 5 - problem 45]: An elevator cab that weighs 27.8 kN moves upward. What is the
tension in the cable if the cab’s speed is (a) increasing at a rate of 1.22 m/s2 and (b)
decreasing at a rate of 1.22 m/s2?
Thank You