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MICROSCOPE

The document discusses the microscope. It begins by defining the microscope and its purpose of magnifying very small objects. It then discusses the history of the microscope from its early developments in ancient times to modern innovations. The types of microscopes are outlined, including simple, compound, electron, stereo, and scanning probe microscopes. The key parts of the microscope are also described, including structural components like the head, base, and arms, as well as optical parts like the eyepiece, objective lenses, stage, and illuminator.

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69 views26 pages

MICROSCOPE

The document discusses the microscope. It begins by defining the microscope and its purpose of magnifying very small objects. It then discusses the history of the microscope from its early developments in ancient times to modern innovations. The types of microscopes are outlined, including simple, compound, electron, stereo, and scanning probe microscopes. The key parts of the microscope are also described, including structural components like the head, base, and arms, as well as optical parts like the eyepiece, objective lenses, stage, and illuminator.

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alchristian tomatom
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THE MICRO-

SCOPE
Report of:
ARCA, ARNOLD
FAMULARCANO, JOHN
CHRISTIAN
HERNANDEZ, JULIUS
MORALLOS, LANCE CYRIL
MICRO SCOPE
01 DEFINITION OF THE MICROSCOPE
02 HISTORY OF THE MICROSCOPE
03 TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
04 FUNCTIONS OF MICROSCOPE

05 PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE


WHAT IS A MICRO-
SCOPE?
Microscopes are instruments that are used in science laboratories to
visualize very minute objects such as cells, and microorganisms, giv-
ing a contrasting image that is magnified.

Microscopes are made up of lenses for magnification, each with its


own magnification powers. Depending on the type of lens, it will
magnify the specimen according to its focal strength.

Source: https://microbenotes.com/parts-of-a-microscope/#microscope-definition
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
• Ancient Chinese: tube and water
• Ancient Egyptians and Romans: also used various curved lenses
“microscope.” It comes from two Greek words, “uikpos,” small and “okottew,”
view
• 14th century: spectacles first made in Italy
• 1590: Two Dutch spectacle-makers and father-and-son team, Hans and
Zacharias Janssen, create the first microscope.
• 1667: Robert Hooke’s famous “Micrographia” is published, which outlines
Hooke’s various studies using the microscope.
• 1675: Enter Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who used a microscope with one lens
to observe insects and other specimen. Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe
bacteria.
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
• 1830: Joseph Jackson Lister discovers that using weak lenses together
at
various distances provided clear magnification.
• 1878: A mathematical theory linking resolution to light wavelength is
invented by Ernst Abbe.
• 1903: Richard Zsigmondy invents the ultramicroscope, which allows
for
observation of specimens below the wavelength of light.
• 1932: Transparent biological materials are studied for the first time using
Frits Xernike’s invention of the phase-contrast microscope.
• 1938: Just six years after the invention of the phase contrast microscope
comes the electron microscope, developed by Ernst Ruska, who real-
ized
TYPES OF A MICROSCOPE
Simple Microscope
A simple microscope is defined as the type of microscope that uses a single lens for
the magnification of the sample. A simple microscope is a convex lens with a small
focal length.
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
TYPES OF A MICROSCOPE
Compound Microscope
A compound microscope is defined as the type of microscope that has more than
one lens. It has a combination of lenses and two optical parts known as an objective
lens and an eyepiece or ocular lens.
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
TYPES OF A MICROSCOPE
Electron Microscope
An electron microscope is defined as the type of microscope in which the source of
illumination is the beam of accelerated electrons. It is a special type of microscope
with a high resolution of images as the images can be magnified in nanometers.

There are two types of electron microscopes:


1. The transmission electron microscope (TEM)
2. The scanning electron microscope (SEM)
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
TYPES OF A MICROSCOPE
Stereo Microscope
A stereo microscope is defined as a type of microscope that provides a
three-dimensional view of a specimen. It is also known as a dissecting microscope.
In a stereomicroscope, there are separate objective lenses and eyepiece such that
there are two separate optical paths for each eye.
STEREO MICROSCOPE
TYPES OF A MICROSCOPE
Scanning Probe Microscope
The scanning probe microscope is defined as the type of microscope that finds ap-
plications in industries where the examination of the specimen is done at the
nanoscale levels. The study of a specimen’s properties, its reaction time and its
behavior when stimulated can be done with the help of a scanning probe micro-
scope.
SCANNING PROBE MIC
SCOPE
 A microscope is usually used for the study of microscopic algae, fungi, and biological
specimens.
 A microscope is an instrument that is used to magnify small objects. Some microscopes
can even be used to observe an object at the cellular level, allowing scientists to see the
shape of a cell, its nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles.
 The primary function of a microscope is to study biological specimens. A microscope solely
functions on two concepts – magnification and resolution. Magnification is simply the
ability of the microscope to enlarge the image. Whereas the ability to analyze minute
details depends on the resolution.
• The optical parts of the microscope are used to view, magnify, and produce an image from
a specimen placed on a slide.
PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE
STRUCTURAL PARTS

1.Head – This is also known as the body.


It carries the optical parts in the upper part of
the microscope.
2. Base – It acts as microscopes support. It also
carries microscopic illuminators.
3. Arms – This is the part connecting the base
and to the head and the eyepiece tube to the base
of the microscope. It gives support to the
head of the microscope and it is also used when
carrying the microscope. Some high-quality
microscopes have an articulated arm with more
than one joint allowing more movement of the
microscopic head for better viewing.
PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE
STRUCTURAL PARTS
PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE
OPTICAL PARTS
1.Eyepiece – also known as the ocular. This is the part used to look
through the microscope.
2. Eyepiece tube – it’s the eyepiece holder. It carries the eyepiece
just above the objective lens.
3. Objective lenses – These are the major lenses used for specimen
visualization. They have a magnification power of 40x-100X. There
are about 1- 4 objective lenses placed on one microscope, in that
some are rare facing and others face forward. Each lens has its own
magnification power.
4. Nose piece – also known as the revolving turret. It holds the
objective lenses. It is movable hence it can revolve the objective
lenses depending on the magnification power of the lens.
5. The Adjustment knobs – These are knobs that are used to focus
the microscope. There are two types of adjustment knobs i.e fine
adjustment knobs and coarse adjustment knobs.
PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE
OPTICAL PARTS
6. Stage – This is the section in which the specimen is placed for
viewing.
7. Aperture – This is a hole on the microscope stage, through which
the transmitted light from the source reaches the stage.
8. Microscopic illuminator – This is the microscopes light source,
located at the base. It is used instead of a mirror. It captures light
from an external source of a low voltage of about 100v.
9. Condenser – These are lenses that are used to collect and focus
light from the illuminator into the specimen. They are found under
the stage next to the diaphragm of the microscope. They play a
major role in ensuring clear sharp images are produced with a high
magnification of 400X and above.
10. Diaphragm – it’s also known as the Iris. Its found under the
stage of the microscope and its primary role is to control the
amount of light that reaches the specimen.
PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE
OPTICAL PARTS
11. Condenser focus knob – this is a knob that moves the
condenser up or down thus controlling the focus of light on the
specimen.

12. Abbe Condenser – this is a condenser specially designed


for high-quality microscopes, which makes the condenser to be
movable and allows very high magnification of above 400X.
High-quality microscopes normally have a high numerical
aperture than objective lenses.

13. The rack stop – It controls how far the stages should go
preventing the objective lens from getting too close to the
specimen slide which may damage the specimen. It is
responsible for preventing the specimen slide from coming too
far up and hitting the objective lens.
THANK YOU!
REFERENCES

https://byjus.com/physics/types-of-microscope/

https://microbenotes.com/parts-of-a-microscope/#q-state-functions-of-a-micros
cope

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