Data Processing

Preparing data for analysis, extracting information and gaining

insight
• Data Editing
• Data Coding
• Data Classification
• Data Tabulation and summarization
• Exploratory Data Analysis
 Editing
• Editing detects errors and omissions, corrects them when possible, and certifies the accuracy and
reliability of data.

• Review the filled questionnaire to get maximum accuracy and unambiguity to ensure maximum
reliability of data, in terms of

- LEGIBILITY OF ENTRIES
- COMPLETENESS OF ENTRIES
- CONSISTENCY OF ENTRIES
- ACCURACY OF ENTRIES
- It is done as early as possible
 Editing
• We look for irregularities in the raw data obtained
 Typographical error
 Data entry error
 Illegible entries
 Values that impossible or undefined
 Missing responses
 outliers
a. Field Editing: Check and verify collection of data and recording of data
• Preliminary editing is done by the field investigator or supervisor. May be at the end of each day.. review
the questionnaires for inconsistencies , non response, illegible response and correct them at the earliest.
• b. Central Editing
 Second level of editing at the researcher level when questionnaires are received from the field.
 Backtracking : Going back to respondent ( if traceable)
 Allocating missing values ( limited case)_
 Plug Values : average value, neutral value, pattern of other questions is used to extrapolate and
calculate the appropriate response to the missing values
 Discarding the unsatisfactory response.
Classification and Tabulation:

• Classification of data on the basis of attributes:

• Socio classification can be identified on the basis education and occupation
• Score on a particular variable is computed by various combination of the
original data obtained.
Product rating on the basis of :Appearance, durability and writing
performance ( each measured on 1 to 7)
• Collapsing the number of categories
• Classification using class interval.
 Exploratory data analysis
• Identify trend, patterns, variation
Summary table of frequencies or percentages of each category
• Marginal table, bivariate tables / contingency tables, pivot tables,
multidimensional tables.
• Data Visualisation: Graphical method: Bar chart, Pie chart, line
graph,
• histogram, frequency curve, scatter plot, box plot etc.
Descriptive measure

• Location of data : Mean, Mode, Median

• Variation : Range, variance, standard deviation,
coefficient of variation, quartiles, inter quartile
range., Z score.
Q. No. Variable Name Coding of answer Variable for Q
1 Buy ready to eat food Yes =1 X1
products No =0
22 Gender Male=1 X22
Female =2
Coding
23 Age < 20 =1 X23
21-25 =2
26-36 =3
36-45 =4
 45 =5

24 Marital status Single=1 X24

Married =2
Divorced/widow =3

25 No of children Exact value X25

26 Monthly Household < 20k=0 X26
income 20k - 35K =1
35k- < 50k=2
 Coding

Q. No. Variable Name Coding of answer Variable for Q

1 Buy ready to eat food Yes =1 X1
products No =0
22 Gender Male=1 X22
Female =2
23 Age < 20 =1 X23
21-25 =2
26-36 =3
36-45 =4
 45 =5

24 Marital status Single=1 X24

Married =2
Divorced/widow =3
25 No. of children Exact value X25
Coding
25 No. of children Exact value X25
26
Monthly Household < 20k=0 X26
income 20k - 35K =1
35k- < 50k=2
>= 50k =4
27
Education level X27
Under graduation =1
Graduation=2
Post graduation & higher =3

28
Occupation Student =1 X28
Businessman=2
Professional=3
Service=4, Housewife=5
Others=6
 Ranking Questions

Variable Rank Variable name

1 Product A Exact value X10a

2 Product B X10b

3 Product C X10c

4 Product D X10d

5 Product E X10e
• Checklist/Multiple Response

15 Which of these newspaper do you read ?

a The times of India ------------------
b The Hindustan Times -----------------
c The Indian Express -------------------------
d Business standard -----------------------------
e Mint --------------------------
Check List

Name Code Variable

The Times of Yes=1, No=0 X15a

India
The Hindustan X15b
times
The Indian X15c
Express
Business X15 d
Standard
Mint X15e
Scaled Questions
S. Statement Strongly Disagree( Undecided( Agree( Strongly Variable
No. Disagree( 2) 3) 4) agree(5) name
1)

a In my organisation sex X9a

discrimination is non
existent

b Work environment is X9b

negatively charged
c Team work is well X9c
appreciated
d Has sound work X9d
procedures in place.
e Employee’s grievances X9e
are often ignored
f Provides equal X9e
opportunities for
growth
 8-15
Total score = 3 +5 +4 +4 + 5 +4 + 4 +5 +4 +4 = 42 out of 50.

Likert Scale : to measure image of the company

No statement Strongly Disagree Nether agree nor Agree Strongly
. disagree disagree agree

1 Company makes quality X

products
2 Is leader in technology X
3 Doesn’t care about general X
public
4 Company leads in R&D to X
improve products

5 Not a good paymaster X

6 Products go through X
stringent quality test

7 Not done anything to curb X

pollution
8 Does not care about X
community service

9 Company stocks are good X

to buy
10 Does not have good labour X
relations
 8-16

Item Analysis for selecting items

1. Find correlation of each item with the total scorer.
 Determine total scale for all items
 Examine the correlation between responses to each item and total score
 Eliminate items that have low correlation.
 Select items having high correction.

2. Divide respondents into two groups

 25% respondents with most favorable total score
 25% respondents with least favorable total score
 Compare the average score of each item in these 2 groups and compare using t- test.
 8-17

Selection of statements
Resp item item 3 -- --- -- -- 59 60 Total
No. 1 2
score

1 3 4 2 220
2 4 5 1 250
3 5 3 5 270
4 4 5 3 260

100