"Cast all of your anxiety on him because

he cares for you.” 1 Peter 5:7

Visayas State University

College of Engineering and Technology “The best way to obtain truth and wisdom
Department of Mechanical Engineering is not to ask from books, but to go to God
in prayer, and obtain divine teaching.”
Joseph Smith, Jr.
Module 06:

Plane Trigonometry

by: MARK ANTHONY S. ARCAYAN

[email protected]
 "Cast all of your anxiety on him because
he cares for you.” 1 Peter 5:7

“The best way to obtain truth and wisdom

is not to ask from books, but to go to God
in prayer, and obtain divine teaching.”
Joseph Smith, Jr.
Lesson 6.1:

Angles
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe angles.
2. Use radian measure.
3. Use degree measure; and
4. Apply angles to model and solve real-life problems.
1. Angles
The word trigonometry means “measurement of triangles”. It deals
with the relationship among the sides and angles of triangles.
An angle is determined by rotating a ray (half-line)
about its endpoint. The starting position of the ray is
the initial side of the angle, and the position after
rotation is the terminal side.

If the vertex of the angle is at the origin and its

initial side coincides with the positive x-axis, the
angle is in standard position.
1. Angles
Positive angles are generated by counter-
clockwise rotation, and negative angles by
clockwise rotation.

Two angles in standard position

are coterminal if both have the
same initial and terminal sides.
2. Radian Measure of an Angle
The measure of an angle is determined by the amount of rotation
from the initial side to the terminal side. One way to measure angles is
in radians.
One radian is the measure of a central angle
that intercepts an arc equal in length to the
radius of the circle.
Example:
𝑠 For one revolution:
𝜃=
𝑟 𝑠=2 𝜋 𝑟
𝑠 2𝜋𝑟
𝜃=1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑤h𝑒𝑛𝑠=𝑟 𝜃= =
𝑟 𝑟
=2 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2. Radian Measure of an Angle
Below are other common angles in radian measure.
1. For half of the revolution: 3. For 1/6 of the revolution:
1 1
(2 𝜋 )𝑟 (2 𝜋 ) 𝑟
𝑠 2 𝑠 6 𝜋
𝜃= = = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜃= = = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 3

2. For 1/4 of the revolution: 4. For 1/8 of the revolution:

1 1
(2 𝜋 )𝑟 (2 𝜋 ) 𝑟
𝑠 4 𝜋 𝑠 8 𝜋
𝜃= = = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜃= = = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑟 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑟 4
2. Radian Measure of an Angle
The distribution of the radian measure of all the angles in one
revolution can be summarized in the figure below.

Quadrantal Angles are angles in

standard position whose terminal
ray lies along one of the axes.
𝜃=0 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑛𝜋
𝜃=
2
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑛=1 ,3 ,5 …

𝜃=𝑛 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑛=1 ,2 , 3 …

3. Degree Measure of an Angle
A second way to measure angles is in terms
of degrees, denoted by the symbol . A
measure of one degree () is equivalent to a
rotation of of a complete revolution about the
vertex.

Conversions Between Degrees and Radian:

1. Degrees to Radians: Multiply degrees by

𝜃=50 ° (
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 5 𝜋
180 °
= )
18
𝑟𝑎𝑑
2. Radians to Degrees: Multiply radians by

𝜃=5 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (
180 °
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 )
≈ 286.5 °
4. Other Measures of an Angle
Below are useful conversions of other measures of an angle aside
from degree and radian.
400 gradians (grad or gon or grade) =

6400 mils =
Examples:
1. Convert 560 grad to radians.

2. How many mils is rad?

4. Other Measures of an Angle
Latitude and longitude coordinates can be written using degrees,
minutes, and seconds (DMS) or using decimal degrees.
Convert N to decimal degrees:

Convert W to DMS:
5. Types of Angle
Obtuse angles are angles Acute angles are angles
that are greater thanbut less that are greater than but
than . less than .

Right angle is an angle that

measures or .

Straight angle is an angle

that measures or .

Reflex angles are angles Acute, Obtuse, and Reflex

that are greater thanbut less angles are Oblique Angles.
than .
6. The Complementary, Supplementary and Exemplary
Angles
1. Two angles are complementary if their sum is
or .
2. Two angles are supplementary if their sum is or
.
3. Two angles are exemplary if their sum is or .

Examples:
1. Find the complementary, supplementary and exemplary angles of 50 gon in
radians.
2. An angle has its supplement, three times its complement. Find the angle.
7. Locating Coterminal Angles
You can find an angle that is coterminal to a given angle by adding or
subtracting (one revolution).
A given angle has infinitely many coterminal angles. For a given angle , its
coterminal angles are
𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 =𝜽 ± 𝟐 𝝅 𝒏
where is an integer.

Examples:
1. The angle has a coterminal angle of as shown in the figure.

2. Give four coterminal angles of .

3. Show that and are coterminal angles.
8. Bearings and Azimuths
A bearing provides a direction given as the primary compass direction (north or
south), degree of angle, and an east or west designation. 𝐴
𝑁
1. True Bearing is an angle measured clockwise
from north. It can be denoted by a 3-digit number
and a degree symbol. 𝐵40°50°
𝑇𝐵 𝐴 → 𝐵 =040 °𝑇𝐵 𝐶 → 𝐵 =240 ° 𝐵 𝐵→ 𝐴=? 𝑊 𝐸
30°
2. Quadrant Bearing describes a line as heading 𝐶 60°
north or south, and deflected some number of
degrees toward the east or west. A bearing,
therefore, will always have an angle less than 90°.
𝑄𝐵 𝐴 → 𝐵=𝑁 40 ° 𝐸 𝑄𝐵𝐶 → 𝐵 =𝑆 60 ° 𝑊 𝑄𝐵 𝐵→ 𝐴=? 𝑆
8. Bearings and Azimuths
An azimuth is the same as the true bearing which is measured clockwise from
north.It can be denoted by a 3-digit number and a degree symbol. 𝐴
𝑁
𝐴 𝐴 → 𝐵 =040 ° 𝐴𝐶 → 𝐵=240 °

Difference between azimuth and bearing. 𝐵40°50°

𝑊 𝐸
30°
𝐶 60°

𝑆
9. Applications: Arc Length
For a circle of radius, a central angle intercepts an arc of
length given by
𝒔=𝒓 𝜽
where is measured in radians. Note that if then and the
radian measure of equals the arc length.

Examples:
1. A circle has a radius of 4 inches. Find the length of the arc intercepted by a
central angle of .
2. Assuming that Earth is a sphere of radius 6378 kilometers, what is the
difference in the latitudes of Syracuse, New York and Annapolis, Maryland, where
Syracuse is 450 kilometers due north of Annapolis?
9. Applications: Linear and Angular Speed
Consider a particle moving at a constant speed
𝒔
along a circular arc of radius . If is the length of 𝒗=
𝒕
the arc travelled in time then the linear speed of
the particle is

Moreover, if is the angle (in radian measure)

𝜽
corresponding to the arc length then the angular 𝝎=
speed (the lowercase Greek letter omega) of the 𝒕
particle is

The relation between the radius , the angular

speed and the linear velocity is
𝒗 =𝒓 𝝎
9. Applications: Linear and Angular Speed
Examples:
1. A carousel with a 50-foot diameter makes 4 revolutions per minute.(a) Find
the angular speed of the carousel in radians per minute. (b) Find the linear
speed of the platform rim of the carousel.

2. The radii of the pedal sprocket, the wheel

sprocket, and the wheel of the bicycle in the
figure are 4 inches, 2 inches, and 14 inches,
respectively. A cyclist is pedalling at a rate of 1
revolution per second. Find the speed of the
bicycle in feet per second.
9. Applications: Area of a Sector
A sector of a circle is the region bounded by two radii of
the circle and their intercepted arc

For a circle of radius the area of a sector of the circle with

central angle is given by

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑨= 𝒓𝒔 = 𝒓 𝜽
𝟐 𝟐

where is measured in radians.

9. Applications: Area of a Sector
Examples:
1. A sprinkler on a golf course fairway is set to spray
water over a distance of 70 feet and rotates through an
angle of Find the area of the fairway watered by the
sprinkler.

2. In the figure shown, AB and DC are arcs of

concentric circles with center O. The perimeter of
figure ABCD is 22 cm. Calculate (a) angle AOB. (b)
The area of figure ABCD.
Thank you and God Bless!
 "Cast all of your anxiety on him because
he cares for you.” 1 Peter 5:7

“The best way to obtain truth and wisdom

is not to ask from books, but to go to God
in prayer, and obtain divine teaching.”
Joseph Smith, Jr.
Lesson 6.2:

Trigonometric Functions: Unit Circle

Learning Outcomes
1. Identify a unit circle and describe its relationship to real
numbers.
2. Evaluate trigonometric functions using the unit circle.
3. Use domain and period to evaluate sine and cosine functions.
4. Use calculator to evaluate trigonometric functions.
1. The unit circle
A unit circle is used as bases in introducing trigonometric functions
with radius equal to one. It is given by the equation
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝑥, 𝑦 )
𝒙 + 𝒚 =𝒓 =𝟏 𝑟 𝑦
𝜃
Let be a real number and let be the point on the unit 𝑥
circle corresponding to . Then the six trigonometric
functions are given
𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
sin 𝜽= =¿ 𝒚 ¿ cos 𝜽= =¿ 𝒙 ¿ tan 𝜽 = ;𝒙≠𝟎
𝒓 𝒓 𝒙

𝒓 𝟏 𝒓 𝟏 𝒙 𝒙
csc 𝜽= = ; 𝒚 ≠ 𝟎 sec 𝜽= 𝒙 = 𝒙 ; 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎 cot 𝜽= = ; 𝒚 ≠ 𝟎
𝒚 𝒚
𝒚 𝒚
2. Verifying Points on a Unit Circle
Figures below show two unit circles with known points. Verify if these
points really lie on the unit circle using the equation of the unit circle
and the six trigonometric functions.
3. Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
Example:

1. Evaluate the six trigonometric functions at , and .

4. Domain and Period of Sine and Cosine Functions
The domain of the sine and cosine functions is the
set of all real numbers. To determine the range of
these two functions, consider the unit circle shown in
the figure. Because , it follows that and . Moreover,
because is on the unit circle, you know that and .
So, the values of sine and cosine also range between
-1 and 1.

The period of sine and cosine functions is . Since for sin ( 𝜃+2 𝜋 𝑛 )=sin 𝜃
any integer and real number the value of the
functions behave in a repetitive or cyclic manner. cos ( 𝜃+ 2 𝜋 𝑛 )=cos 𝜃
4. Domain and Period of Sine and Cosine Functions
Example:

1. Evaluate the sine and cosine of the angle and .

5. Even and Odd Trigonometric Functions
6. Evaluating Trigonometric Functions with a Calculator
When evaluating a trigonometric function with a calculator, you need to set the
calculator to the desired mode of measurement (degree or radian).

Most calculators do not have keys for the cosecant, secant, and cotangent
functions. To evaluate these functions, you can use the key with their respective
reciprocal functions sine, cosine, and tangent.
Thank you and God Bless!
 "Cast all of your anxiety on him because
he cares for you.” 1 Peter 5:7

“The best way to obtain truth and wisdom

is not to ask from books, but to go to God
in prayer, and obtain divine teaching.”
Joseph Smith, Jr.
Lesson 6.3&4:

Right Triangles and Oblique Triangles

Learning Outcome
1. Solve real-life problems involving right triangle and oblique
triangle.
Right Triangle Problems
Problem 01
An historic lighthouse is 200 yards from a bike path along the edge of a lake. A
walkway to the lighthouse is 400 yards long. Find the acute angle between the
bike path and the walkway, as illustrated in Figure.
Problem 02
You are standing 45 meters from the base of the Empire State Building. You
estimate that the angle of elevation to the top of the 86th floor (the observatory) is
If the total height of the building is another 123 meters above the 86th floor, what
is the approximate height of the building? One of your friends is on the 86th floor.
What is the distance between you and your friend?

Problem 03
A biologist wants to know the width of a river so in order to properly set
instruments for studying the pollutants in the water. From point A the biologist
walks downstream 100 feet and sights to point C (a point on the other side of the
river directly opposite of point A). From this sighting, it is determined that the
angle between the riverbank and the line of sight of the observer towards point C
is 54 degrees. How wide is the river?
Oblique Triangle Problems
Problem 01
Given a triangle ABC with an angle C = 28.7 deg, side a = 132 cm and side b =
224 cm. Solve for the side c.

Problem 02
Given a triangle ABC in which A = , b = 100 m and c = 200 m. Find the length of
the side a.

Problem 03
A PLDT tower and a monument stand on a level plane. The angles of depression
of the top and bottom of the monument viewed from the top of the PLDT tower
are 13 deg and 35 deg respectively. The height of the tower is 50 cm. Find the
height of the monument.
Problem 04
The angle of elevation of the top of tower B from the top of the tower A is 28 deg
and the angle of elevation of the top of the tower A from the base of the tower B is
46 deg. The two towers lie in the same horizontal plane. If the height of the tower
B is 120 m, find the height of tower A.

Problem 05
An observer wishes to determine the height of a tower. He takes sight at the top
of the tower from A and B, which are 50 ft apart at the same elevation on a direct
line with the tower. The vertical angle at point A is 30 deg and at point B is 40 deg.
What is the height of the tower?