Computer

History
Eltanal, Jhon Kenneth C.
 OUTLINE

1.1 History of Computer

1.2 Generation of Computers
1.3 Four basic computer periods
1.4 Classification of Computers
1.5 Evolution of Information Technology
 In 40 years computers went from
being giant expensive machines that
only corporations could own to the
personal computer we see today.
 Early Calculating Devices

1. People have been using devices to aid in calculation for

thousands of years.
2. Devices include
 fingers
 tally sticks (animal bones carved with notches)
 counting rods ( I, II, III, IIII, IIIII, T)
 the abacus, …
 ABACUS
4th Century B.C.
The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have been
invented in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the fourth
century B.C.
This device allows users to make computations using
a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack.
Considered the first computer.
First Computer
 BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
 In 1642, the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise
Pascal invented a calculating device that would come to be called
the "Adding Machine".
One of the first and earliest mechanical devices used for
calculating was the Pascaline
BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
 Originally called a "numerical wheel calculator" or the
"Pascaline", Pascal's invention utilized a train of 8
moveable dials or cogs to add sums of up to 8 figures
long. As one dial turned 10 notches - or a complete
revolution - it mechanically turned the next dial.
 Pascal's mechanical Adding Machine automated the
process of calculation. Although slow by modern
standards, this machine did provide a fair degree of
accuracy and speed.
 Only performed addition, not multiplication or division
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

The stepped reckoner

Supposed to be able to add, subtract,
multiply, divide and calculate square roots
**Device never worked properly
CHARLES BABBAGE
(1791 - 1871)
 Considered the “Father of Computers”
 Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was an English
mathematician and professor.
 In 1822, he persuaded the British government to finance
his design to build a machine that would calculate tables
for logarithms. Called the “Difference Engine.”
 Device was to calculate numbers to 20 th
place and print
them at 4 digits per minute.
 With Charles Babbage's creation of the "Analytical
Engine", (1833) computers took the form of a general
purpose machine.
CHARLES BABBAGE
(1791 - 1871)

 Noticed errors in mathematical tables (1820)

 Created the difference engine to compute this math more
accurately
 Used tons of grant money as well as his own
 Only built a small part, as he also had to construct the tools
to build it
 The difference engine wasn’t finished, and he went on to
design the Analytical engine.
Charles Babbage
1822 Babbage's Difference Engine
 Difference Engine

 The first mechanical computer

 Created by Charles Babbage a “father
of computing”
 Compiled mathematical tables
 add, subtract, polynomial functions
Analytical Engine

• 1833
Used to perform a variety of calculations
by following a set of instructions or
programs stored on punch cards
Machine only designed but never built.
Joseph Jacquard
 Punch Cards

• Stiff paper that holds commands

• Commands and data are indicated by holes/no
holes
• Early computers used these as input commands
First Computer
Programmer

• Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace

About a century before Konrad Zuse designed the first
programmable computing machine, in the 1840s, Ada
Lovelace wrote the first computer programme in the
world. From a modern perspective, her work is
visionary. In her lifetime, her scientific contributions
hardly attracted any attention.
First Computer
Programmer

• Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace

About a century before Konrad Zuse designed the first
programmable computing machine, in the 1840s, Ada
Lovelace wrote the first computer programme in the
world. From a modern perspective, her work is
visionary. In her lifetime, her scientific contributions
hardly attracted any attention.
 U.S. Census

Done every 10 years

Process done by hand in 19th century
Took 10 years to complete UNTIL
Herman Hollerith

 During the Industrial revolution the population 30% each

decade.
 They were still tabulating census data by hand.
 In 1887 they still had not completed tallying the 1880
census data
 Herman Hollerith an MIT prof introduced punch cards and
a machine to read them to tally this information.
 Took only 6 weeks to tally the 1890 census
 He continued to improve the machine, and created the
company IBM
Hollerith’s Punch Cards
 1st Generation Computers

 1951 – 1959
 Based on Vacuum tubes
 Vacuum tubes: Control electric current
using the vacuum, and
 Can be used to start/stop, or change the
flow based on the current
 Alan Turing

During WWII Turing created an

electromechanical machine to break
German Ciphers.
It is estimated that his efforts in
breaking the ciphers reduced the
length of the war by 2 – 4 years.
 First Computer Bug

 Grace Hopper found the first

computer bug while working on
the Harvard Mark II.
 A moth was trapped between
two relay switches
 She took a photo to document it
 ENIAC

 First electronic general purpose computer.

 Created at the University of Pennsylvania
 Cost almost $500,000 (approx. $6,000,000
today)
 One of first programs a study of the hydrogen
bomb
 A secret military project designed to improve
the construction of artillery firing tables.
 ENIAC

 Contained 17,500 Vacuum tubes 7,200 crystal

diodes, …
 Tubes burnt out fast, hence the machine
normally could only run for 10 to 30 minutes at
a time
 Speed was 1000 times of electro-mechanical
machines (Wikipedia)
 5000 adds, 357 multiplications, and 38
divisions per minute
 UNIVAC

• Inventors of ENIAC made UNIVAC which is a

programmable (held data and printed)
• Few people bought it as they didn’t understand
the value
• Then they used it to project the 1952 presidential
election, and it got the answer with <1% error
 Second Generation of Computers

 Based on Transistors
 1959-1965
 Stored instructions in memory
 Relied on punch cards for input and printers for
output
 Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes
Invented at Bell laboratories
Enabled computers to be smaller, cheaper,
more reliable, and efficient
Transistors work as switches on current,
turning it on or off (like binary 0 or 1).
Still generate a lot of heat, but less than
vacuum tubes
IBM 1400

 General purpose system

 Used punch cards for input
and line printer for output
 Third Generation Computers

Modern computers
1965-1971
Used Integrated Circuits
Keyboards instead of punch cards
Monitors for display
Different applications used through operating system
 IBM 360

 Small and large applications

 Commercial and Scientific applications
 From 8K to 8M of memory
 Room sized
 A whole suite of compatible computers
for different needs
 Fourth Generation Computers

 Microprocessor
 Development of the personal computer
 1971 – 1981
 Addition of GUI’s, the mouse, and handheld devices
 Microprocessor

 Thousands of Integrated Circuits were built on a

silicon chip.
 Created by Intel corp.
 Becomes the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Allow computers to be smaller, more powerful,
faster, and cheaper
 Altair 8080

 First personal computer

 Make it yourself kit
 Switches for input, lights for output
 No keyboard, and no monitor
 People were so excited, within 3 months 4000 orders were
placed
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKeiQ8e18QY
 Altair 8080

 Gates and Allen were trying to meet with MITS founder

who created the Altair
 They built an interpreter for the 8080 to make
programming software for the machine easier.
 Allen created a Bootstrapper to load the tape to load the
program on a plane ride on final approach to their meeting
 Apple I and II
 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs built the Apple I in Wozniak’s garage
 Apple II had a color monitor, sound, and game paddles
 IBM PC
International Business Machines
IBM released it’s first personal computer
Sold in companies such as Sears
 MS-DOS (Disc Operating
System)
 IBM hired Bill gates and Paul Allen to build an Operating System
for the IBM PC
 They bought the rights to an existing operating system built in
Seattle
 IBM allowed Gates and Allen to keep the marketing rights to DOS
 Reverse Engineering
 Companies like Compaq took apart IBM computers, and
reverse engineered their BIOS to create very similar
machines.
 They built a fully compatible machine, and sold it for a
bit cheaper.
 In first year they sold 47,000 pcs and made 111 million
dollars
 Hence, the competition began
 And everyone bought Microsoft OS
 Spreadsheets and Word
Processing
 In 1978 VisiCalc was created for Spreadsheets and WordStar was created for
Word Processing
 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

 In 1972 Apple and Xerox were working on making a

graphical user interface
 WYSIWIG (What you see is what you get)
 The idea being you want to be able to preview your work
on the computer
 Fifth Generation Computers

 1990 - Present
 characterized by advancements in artificial intelligence
 The transition to the 5th generation reflects the ongoing
evolution of computing technology, where AI promise to
bring about revolutionary changes in how we process
information and solve complex problems.
 This generation emphasizes not only the speed and power
of computation but also the ability to handle data in more
sophisticated and intelligent ways.
 Cellular Phones and Smart Phones
 Now we’re able to have a ton of processing power is such tiny
devices
 Wearable Computing

 Now we can track so much of what we do, and

have the internet at our finger tips
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSnB06um5r4
 3D Printing

 Uses digital files to create 3d plastic objects

 3D Printing is being used for:
 Prosthetic Legs in Dogs
 Human Organs (Not ready yet)
 Clothing
 Artificial Intelligence
 Teaching a computer to learn to think
 Imagine the future of:
 SIRI
 Video Game Characters
 Self Driving Cars
 Online Customer Support
 Purchase Predictions,…
Sundar Pichai
END
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