Blockchain Introduction= Tracing Blockchain’s Origin

• The shortcomings of current transaction systems

– During 2000’s financial crisis
 Bitcoin Whitepaper: 10/31/2008
https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf

Ledger
Digital Currency= The most successful among lot of efforts: Bitcoin- Replace cash with numbers and codes. Advantages- Fast , International, Easy
accounting , Weighs nothing , Cheap. Problems to be solved
Problems of Digital Currency= Perfect Copy -Just like downloading attachment from email, How to distinguish counterfeits, Ownership Problem.
Double Spending-Networks are noisy and transmission across
networks is far from instantaneous: delay, A hacker can capitalize, Fraudster Detection Problem.
The Long Road to Bitcoin= Centralized Banking: not robust
Satoshi determined to find the centralized part of banks
– The ledger
– “What if I could turn a bank inside out? Instead of one central party controlling the ledger, what if every user were recruited to maintain a constantly updated
copy?”
The strength of the digital was perfect copies, so copy the ledger, everywhere, instantly.
– Any ledgers with even one common not agreeing with the masses would be discarded, leaving fraudsters powerless
Replace cash with Ledger!

The decentralized ledger (Blockchain)= Decentralization: get rid of the Third Party
Satoshi paired two main technologies-Proof of Work: to solve the double spending problem. Elliptic Curves: to solve unique access to the ledger
Nothing was newer than 2001
1. 2001: SHA-256 finalized
2. 1999-present: Byzantine fault tolerance
3. 1999-present: P2P networks
4. 1998: Wei Dai, B-money
5. 1998: Nick Szabo, Bit Gold
6. 1997: HashCash
7. 1992-1993: Proof-of-work for spam
8. 1991: cryptographic timestamp
9. 1980: public key crypto algorithm
 Decentralization
• Replace cash with Ledger
Block chain Structure Source: https://www.edureka.co/blog/blockchain-tutorial/ What is Blockchain
Technology= Bitcoin stores
all its transactions onto a
public database called as
Blockchain
Highlights
What does a block look like?
4 Key Concepts of Blockchain

Source: IBM, A new disruption in financial services

Blockchain: Distributed Ledger Technology
 Blockchain Architecture
• Revolutionary Technology
– Protocol
– TCP/IP, HTTP, Cloud Computation, Big Data, IoT, FinTech…
• Melanie Swan: Blockchain: Blueprint for A New Economy, Jan 2015
– Blockchain 1.0
• Bitcoin
• Programmable Money
– Blockchain 2.0
• Ethereum
• Smart Contract
– Blockchain 3.0…
• Non-Financial Uses
• Applications
Bitcoin System vs. Current Banking System
• Decentralized System
– The Blockchain system follows a decentralized approach when compared to banks and financial organizations which are controlled and
governed by Central or Federal Authorities.
– Here, everyone who is involved with the system holds some power.
• Public Ledgers
– The ledger which holds the details of all transactions which happen on the Blockchain, is open and completely accessible to everyone
who is associated with the system.
– Even though the complete ledger is publicly accessible, the details of the people involved in the transactions remains completely
anonymous.
• Verification of Every Individual Transaction
– Every single transaction is verified by cross-checking the ledger and the validation signal of the transaction is sent after a few minutes.
– Through the usage of several complex encryption and hashing algorithm, the issue of double spending is eliminated.
• Low or No Transaction Fees
– These transaction fees are however relatively quite less when compared to the fees implied by banks and other financial organizations.
If a transaction needs to be completed on priority then an additional transaction fees can be added by the user so as to have
the transaction verified on priority.
The key business benefits= Time savings: Cost savings:Tighter security:Enhanced privacy:Improved auditability:Increased
operational efficiency:
Building trust with blockchain =Distributed and sustainable: Secure, private, and indelible: Transparent and auditable:
Consensus-based and transactional: Orchestrated and flexible:
Different Players in Implementation= Block chain user, Regulator, Blockchain developer, Blockchain network operator,
Traditional processing platforms, Traditional data sources, Certificate authority
Why It’s Called “Blockchain”
Block Chain usecase (dubai)
Hyper Ledger Introduction= Hyperledger Fabric -The Linux Foundation founded Hyperledger in 2015
• Hyperledger Fabric is a platform for distributed ledger solutions in industrial level.
• A modular architecture - Delivers high degrees of confidentiality, resiliency, flexibility and scalability.
• It is designed to support pluggable implementations of different components, and accommodate the complexity
and intricacies that exist across the economic ecosystem.
• Breaks from some other blockchain systems is that it is private and permissioned. Like other blockchain
technologies, it has a ledger, uses smart contracts, and is a system by which participants manage their
transactions.
• Ledger data can be stored in multiple formats, consensus mechanisms can be switched in and out.
• Offers the ability to create channels, allowing a group of participants to create a separate ledger of transactions.
• Hyperledger is based on blockchain but its not a crypto currency.
• There is no mining, just order system do it.
• Operational power: 0.5 million operations per minute where as other blockchain does only 1000.
In Summary=Hyper ledger Fabric is enterprise grade distributed ledger based on blockchain technologies that uses
smart contracts to enforce trust between parties. Hyperledger in general do not enforce any requirements about
the hardware, network infrastructures, additional software around it, security models etc.No concept of
computational power.
Advantages of Hyperledger Fabric= Permissioned membership. Performance, scalability, and levels of trust. Data on
a need-to-know basis. Rich queries over an immutable distributed ledger. Modular architecture supporting plug-in
components. Protection of digital keys and sensitive data
Fabric CA=The Hyperledger Fabric CA is a Certificate Authority (CA) for Hyperledger Fabric.
It provides features such as:
• registration of identities, or connects to LDAP as the user registry
• issuance of Enrollment Certificates (ECerts)
• certificate renewal and revocation
• consists of both a server and a client component. Every single operation that is executed inside hyperledger fabric must
be cryptographically signed with this certificate.
• You can add attributes, roles
• Certificates are X.509 standards.
• You can remove the necessity of certificates if you don’t need it.
Chaincodes read this data and make business decisions.
Peer is the place where the ledger and the blockchain data is stored.
• You must have more than one peer in production.
• One peer may be part of many channels.
• Every single channel is inside the peer.
• It endorse any update of the ledger.
You can create backup of the ledger from the peer
Ordering service is actually the heart of consensus algorithm and the heart of hyper ledger fabric.
• Main role is to provide the order of operations.
• before committing anything to ledger it must pass through the ordering service.
CA – WorkFlow
Channel is a private “subnet” of communication between two or more specific network members.
• A channel is defined by members (organizations), anchor peers per member, the shared ledger, chaincode application(s) and the ordering service
node(s).
• Each peer that joins a channel, has its own identity given by a membership services provider (MSP).
channels are completely isolated,
• they have different ledgers, different height of blocks, policies, stories, rules.
• completely isolated instance of hyper ledger fabric.
• never exchange data.
• outside of a channel , one can’t even see that there is a channel.
• you can make a policy who can see the data in the channel and who can make an operation.
every single party inside a channel must agree about other parties.
Channel configuration properties= Versioned: All elements of the configuration have an associated version which is advanced with every modification.
Further, every committed configuration receives a sequence number.
• Permissioned: Each element of the configuration has an associated policy which governs whether or not modification to that element is permitted.
Anyone with a copy of the previous configtx (and no additional info) may verify the validity of a new config based on these policies.
• Hierarchical: A root configuration group contains sub-groups, and each group of the hierarchy has associated values and policies. These policies can
take advantage of the hierarchy to derive policies at one level from policies of lower levels.
A chaincode typically handles business logic agreed to by members of the network, so it similar to a “smart contract”.
• All your business logic is inside the chaincode.
• Its written in Go. Implementation of java and javascript are on the way.
• Chaincode me installed in every peer and channel.
• Policy must be provided
Hyper ledger Composer is a set of collaboration tools for building blockchain business networks that make it simple and fast for business owners and
developers to create smart contracts and blockchain applications to solve business problems. Extensive, Open development toolset and Framework to
make developing Blockchain applications easier. Environment setup,Implementation
 Installing the pre-requisites
• Operating Systems: Ubuntu Linux 14.04 / 16.04 LTS (both 64-bit), or Mac OS
10.12
• Docker Engine: Version 17.03 or higher
• Docker-Compose: Version 1.8 or higher
• Node: 6.x (note versions 7 and higher are not supported)
• npm: v3.x or v5.x
• git: 2.9.x or higher
• Python: 2.7.x
• nvm and Apple Xcode (for Mac)
• Hyperledger Composer Extension for VSCode.