ABAP/4 REPORTS

Definition:

A report program in ABAP/4 is a program which reads and analyzes data

from database tables without modifying the database. Usually, the
result of such a report program is in the form of a list which is output to
the screen or sent to a printer. Therefore, a report program is a program
which creates a report based on the evaluation of one or more database
tables.

From the technical point of view, a report program is an ABAP/4 program

with program attribute type 1 that runs standalone. The runtime
environment of standalone programs differs from the runtime
environment of module pool programs. The general flow of a report
program is controlled exclusively by external events, while module pool
programs are controlled mainly by the screen flow logic of the dialog
program.
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The general flow of a report program is controlled exclusively by external
events, while module pool programs are controlled mainly by the screen
flow logic of the dialog program.

What are Selection Screens?

The selection screen is the part of a report program that you can design
for interactive input of field values and selection criteria.

The selection screen is always processed directly after a report program

is started.

The user can enter field values and selection criteria on this screen.

Texts on the selection screen can be maintained as language dependent

text elements.
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In an ABAP/4 program, you use the following statements to design
selection screens:

PARAMETERS to define input fields for variables

SELECT-OPTIONS to define input fields for selection criteria
SELECTION-SCREEN to format the selection screen.

PARAMETERS:
To declare a parameter and its data type, use the PARAMETERS
statement as follows:

Syntax
PARAMETERS <p>[(<length>)] <type> [<decimals>].

Caution
Parameters cannot have data type F. The data type F is not supported
on the selection screen.
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Example:

REPORT SAPMZTST.
TABLES SPFLI.
PARAMETERS : WORD(10) TYPE C,
DATE TYPE D,
NUMBER TYPE P DECIMALS 2,
CONNECT Like SPFLI-CONNID.

This example creates four fields, namely a character field, WORD, of

length 10; a date field, DATE of length 8; a packed number field,
NUMBER, with two decimals; and a field, CONNECT, which refers to the
ABAP/4 Dictionary structure SPFLI-CONNID. When the user starts the
report SAPMZTST, input fields fo the four declared fields will appear on
the selection screen as follows :
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Selection Screen using Parameters

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You can use parameters, for example, to control the program flow, or in
connection with SELECT statement to enable the report user to
determine selection criteria for database accesses .

Example:
TABLES SPFLI.
PARAMETERS : LOW LIKE SPFLI-CARRID,
HIGH LIKE SPFLI-CARRID.

SELECT * FROM SPFLI WHERE CARRIED BETWEEN LOW AND HIGH.

----------------
ENDSELECT.

In this example, the system reads all rows from the database table
SPFLI, where the contents of field CARRIED are between the limits LOW
and HIGH. The report user can enter the fields LOW and HIGH on the
selection screen.
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Variants of Parameters statements are:

PARAMETERS <p> ...... DEFAULT <f> ......

PARAMETERS <p> ...... NO-DISPLAY ......
PARAMETERS <p> ...... LOWER CASE ......
PARAMETERS <p> ...... OBLIGATORY ......
PARAMETERS <p> ...... AS CHECKBOX ......
PARAMETERS <p> ...... RADIOBUTTON GROUP <radi>......
PARAMETERS <p> ...... MEMORY ID <pid>......
PARAMETERS <p> ...... MATCHCODE OBJECT <obj> ......
PARAMETERS <p> ...... MODIF ID <key> ......
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Assigning Default Values to Parameters :

REPORT ZTEST2 .
TABLES SPFLI.
PARAMETERS : value type i default 100,
name like sy-uname default sy-uname,
date like sy-datum default '20020110'.

The declared fields will appear on the selection screen as follows :

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Assigning Default Values to Parameters

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Parameters <p> Obligatory:

Example :
When you use this option, a question mark appears in the input field for
parameter <p>. The user cannot continue with the program without
entering a value I this field on the selection screen.

The declared fields will appear on the selection screen as follows :

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Making Parameters Required Input Field

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Parameters <p> …as CHECKBOX…

Example :

REPORT ZTEST2 .
TABLES SPFLI.
PARAMETERS : A as Checkbox,
B as Checkbox Default 'X'.
The declared fields will appear on the selection screen as follows :
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Making Checkbox on the Selection Screen

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Parameters <p>….RADIOBUTTON GRUP <radi>…..

Example :

REPORT ZTEST2 .
TABLES SPFLI.
PARAMETERS : R1 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD1,
R2 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD1,
R3 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD1 DEFAULT ‘X’,
S1 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD2,
S2 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD2,
S3 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD2 DEFAULT ‘X’.

The declared fields will appear on the selection screen as follows :

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Making Radio Button Groups on the Selection Screen.

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What are Selection Criteria?
You define selection criteria with the SELECT-OPTIONS statement.

•If you use the SELECT-OPTIONS statement, the report user can enter
the selection criteria on the selection screen.

•During its definition, you normally attach a selection criterion to a

specific column of a database table that must be declared in the
program.

•If you want to program complex selections, selection criteria, stored in

special internal tables, are preferable to the PARAMETERS statement
because they relieve you from coding them in lengthy WHERE
conditions.

SELECT-OPTIONS statement
Syntax
SELECT-OPTIONS <seltab> FOR <f>.
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After Executing Program a Selection Screen appears as above:

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Note :

•The field <f> cannot have data type F. The data type F is not supported
on the selection screen.

•For SELECT-OPTIONS statement, the system creates a selection table.

The purpose of selection tables is to store complex selection limits in a
standardized manner.

•Their main purpose is to transfer the selection criteria directly to

database tables using the WHERE clause of Open SQL statements.

Selection table
It is an internal table(with name <seltab>) with a header line. Its line
structure is a field string of four components,
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* SIGN : The data type of SIGN is C with length 1. Possible values are
I and E.
* OPTION : The data type of OPTION is C with length 2. OPTION
contains the selection operator.
• If HIGH is empty, you can use EQ, NE, GT, LE, LT,CP, and NP.
• If HIGH is filled, you can use BT and NB.

* LOW : The data type of LOW is the same as the column type of the
database table, to which the selection criterion is attached.

* HIGH : The data type of HIGH is the same as the column type of the

database table, to which the selection criterion is attached.

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The SELECT-OPTIONS statement has several variants which are:

SELECT-OPTIONS <seltab> FOR <f> DEFAULT <g> [TO <h>] ....

SELECT-OPTIONS <seltab> FOR <f> ... NO-EXTENSION .....
SELECT-OPTIONS <seltab> FOR <f> ... NO INTERVALS .....
SELECT-OPTIONS <seltab> FOR <f> .. NO DATABASE
SELECTION……..

SELECT-OPTIONS <seltab> FOR <f> ... NO-DISPLAY ..............

SELECT-OPTIONS <seltab> FOR <f> ... LOWER CASE ..............
SELECT-OPTIONS <seltab> FOR <f> ... OBLIGATORY ..............
SELECT-OPTIONS <seltab> FOR <f> ... MEMORY ID <pid>..........
SELECT-OPTIONS <seltab> FOR <f> ... MODIF ID <key>...........
SELECT-OPTIONS <seltab> FOR <f> ... MATCHCODE OBJECT <obj>...
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The Following example shows how the selection table is filled with the
user inputs on the selection screen:

Example:

REPORT SAPMZTST.
TABLES SPFLI.
SELECT-POTIONS AIRLINE FOR SPFLI-CARRID.
LOOP AT AIRLINE.
WRITE : / ‘SIGN:’, AIRLINE-SIGN,
‘OPTION:’, AIRLINE-OPTION,
‘LOW:’, AIRLINE-LOW,
‘HIGH:”, AIRLINE-HIGH.
ENDLOOP.
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Using Selection Tables in the WHERE Clause:

To limit the database access of the Open SQL statements SELECT,

UPDATE, and DELETE, you use the WHERE clause.

Syntax
......... WHERE <f> IN <seltab>.

Example :

REPORT SAPMZTST.
TABLES SPFLI.
SELECT-OPTIONS AIRLINE FOR SPFLI-CARRID.
SELECT * FROM SPFLI WHERE CARRID IN AIRLINE.
WRITE : SPFLI-CARRID.
ENDSELECT.
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In the SELECT-OPTIONS statement of this example, the selection
table AIRLINE is attached to the CARRIED column of the database
table SPFLI. The WHERE clause of the SELECT statement causes
the system to check if the contents of the CARRIED column meet
the selection criteria stored in AIRLINE.

Assume that the report user enters two lines in the selection table,
namely an interval selection and a single value selection,
as follows :

SIGN OPTION LOW HIGH

I BT DL UA
E EQ LH

Then, the report output appears as follows :

DL DL SQ UA UA UA
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Using Selection Tables in Logical Expressions

To control the internal flow of your program, you must program

conditions with logical expressions. You can program special
logical expressions using selection tables.

Syntax
... <f> IN <seltab> ....

The logical expression is true if the contents of the field <f> meet
the selection limits stored in the selection table <seltab>. <f> can
be any internal field or the column of a database table.
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If the selection table (seltab) is attached to <f> with the SELECT-

OPTIONS statement, you can use the following short form for the
logical expression.

Syntax : …<seltab>….

Example :
REPORT SAPMZTST.
TABLES SPFLI.
SELECT-OPTIONS AIRLINE FOR SPFLI-CARRID.
WRITE : ‘Inside’, ‘Outside’.
SELECT * FROM SPFLI.
IF SPFLI-CARRID IN AIRLINE.
WRITE : / SPFLI-CARRID UNDER ‘Inside’.
ELSE.
WRITE : / SPFLI-CARRID UNDER ‘Outside’.
ENDIF.
ENDSELECT.
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Assume that the report user enters two lines in the selection table,
namely an interval selection and a single value selection,
as follows :

SIGN OPTION LOW HIGH

I BT DL UA
E EQ LH

Then, the report output appears as follows :

Inside Outside
AA
DL
LH
SQ
UA
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In the SELECT loop, all lines are read from the database table
SPFLI. Using the IF statement, the program flow is branched into
two statement blocks according to the logical expression. The
short form IF AIRLINE is also possible in this program.

Formatting the Selection Screen

•The selection screen, which appears when the PARAMETERS or

SELECT-OPTIONS statements are used in a program, has a
standard layout where all parameters appear line after line.

•SELECTION-SCREEN statement can be used to format selection

screen when the standard selection screen layout is not sufficient.
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•The SELECTION-SCREEN statement works only on selection
screens. It has no effect in reports which have no selection screen.
You cannot, for example, create pushbuttons wihout executing the
PARAMETERS or SELECT-OPTIONS statement.

Blank Lines

To produce blank lines on the selection screen, use the SKIP option
with the SELECTION-SCREEN statement.

Syntax

SELECTION-SCREEN SKIP [<n>].

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Underlines

To underline a line or part of a line on the selection screen, use the

ULINE option with the SELECTION-SCREEN statement.

Syntax

SELECTION-SCREEN ULINE [[/]<pos(len)>] [MODIF ID <key>].

Comments

To write text on the selection screen, use the COMMENT option with
the SELECTION-SCREEN statement. The syntax is as follows:

Syntax
SELECTION-SCREEN COMMENT [/]<pos(len)> <name>
[MODIF ID <key>].
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Example of Blank Lines, Underlines, and Comments :

SELECTION-SCREEN COMMENT /2(5) TEXT-001 MODIF ID SC1.

SELECTION-SCREEN SKIP 2.
SELECTION-SCREEN COMMENT /10(30) COMM1.
SELECTION-SCREEN ULINE.
PARAMETERS : R1 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD1,
R2 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD1,
R3 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD1.
SELECTION-SCREEN ULINE /1(50).
SELECTION-SCREEN COMMENT /10(30) COMM2.
SELECTION-SCREEN ULINE.
PARAMETERS : S1 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD2,
S2 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD2,
S3 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RAD2.
SELECTION-SCREEN ULINE /1(50).
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Example of Blank Lines,Underlines and Comments

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Placing Several Elements On a Single Line

To position a set of parameters or comments on a single line on the

selection screen, you must declare the elements in a block enclosed by
the following two statements:

Syntax
SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF LINE.
...
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF LINE.

Note that the selection text (name of the parameter or text element) is
not displayed when you use this option. To display a selection text you
must use SELECTION-SCREEN statement with the COMMENT option.

Note : Do not use a slash with the format option <pos(len)

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Example :

SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF LINE.

SELECTION-SCREEN COMMENT 1(10) TEXT-001.
PARAMETERS : P1(3), P2(5), P3(1).
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF LINE.

Positioning an Element

To position the next parameter or comment on the selection

screen, use the POSITION option with the SELECTION-SCREEN
statement.

Syntax
SELECTION-SCREEN POSITION <pos>.
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Placing Several Elements on a Single Line

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For <pos>, you can specify a number, POS_LOW, or POS_HIGH.

Note:
Use the POSITION option only between the BEGIN OF LINE and
END OF LINE options.

Example:

REPORT SAPMZTST.
TABLES SPFLI.
SELECT-OPTIONS AIRLINE FOR SPFLI-CARRID.
SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF LINE.
SELECTION-SCREEN POSITION POS_HIGH.
PARAMETERS FIELD(5).
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF LINE.
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Example of Positioning an Element

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Creating Blocks of Elements

Syntax
SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF BLOCK <block>
[WITH FRAME [TITLE <title>]] [NO INTERVALS].

...
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF BLOCK <block>.

•You must define a name <block> for each block. You can nest
blocks.
•If you add the WITH FRAME option, a frame will be drawn around
the block.
•You can add a title to each frame by using the TITLE option .
•If you use the NO INTERVALS option, the system processes all
SELECT-OPTIONS statements in this block as if they had this
option .
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Example :

SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF BLOCK RAD1 WITH FRAME TITLE

TEXT-002.
PARAMETERS R1 RADIOBUTTON GROUP GR1.
PARAMETERS R2 RADIOBUTTON GROUP GR1.
PARAMETERS R3 RADIOBUTTON GROUP GR1.
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF BLOCK RAD1.

On the selection screen, the three radio buttons R1, R2, R3 form a
block, which is surrounded by a frame and has the title specified in the
text symbol 002.
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Creating Block of Elements

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Creating Pushbuttons in the Application Toolbar

You can create up to five pushbuttons in the application toolbar on the

selection screen. These buttons are also automatically connected to
function keys.

Syntax
SELECTION-SCREEN FUNCTION KEY <i>.
• <i> must be between 1 and 5.
•You must specify the text to appear on the buttons during runtime in
ABAP/4 Dictionary fields SSCRFIELDS-FUNCTXT_0<i>.
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•You must declare SSCRFIELDS with a TABLES statement.

•When the user clicks this button, FC0<i> is entered in the field
SSCRFIELDS-UCOMM, which can be checked during the event AT
SELECTION-SCREEN.

Example:

TABLES SSCRFIELDS.
DATA FLAG.
PARAMETERS TEST:
SELECTION-SCREEN FUNCITON KEY 1.
SELECTION-SCREEN FUNCITON KEY 2.
INITIALIZATION.
SSCRFIELDS-FUNCTXT_01 = ‘Button 1’.
SSCRFIELDS-FUNCTXT_02 = ‘Button 2’.
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AT SELECTION-SCREEN.

IF SSCRFIELDS-UCOMM = ‘FC01’.
FLAG = ‘1’.
ELSEIF SSCRFIELDS-UCOMM = ‘FC02’.
FLAG = ‘2’.
ENDIF.
START-OF-SELECTION.
IF FLAG = ‘1’.
WRITE : / ’Button 1 was clicked’.
ELSEIF FLAG = ‘2’.
Write : / ‘Button 2 was clicked’.

This example causes two pushbuttons with the texts ‘Button 1’ and
‘Button 2’ to appear in the application toolbar on the selection screen.
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Creating Pushbuttons in the application Toolbar

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Creating Pushbuttons on the Selection Screen

Syntax

SELECTION SCREEN PUSHBUTTON [/]<pos(len)> <name>

USER-COMMAND <ucom> [MODIF ID <key>].

The parameters [/]<pos(len)>, <name>, and the MODIF ID option are the
same as described for the COMMENT option in Comments.

The text specified in <name> is the pushbutton text.

For <ucom>, you must specify a code of up to four characters.

You must declare SSCRFIELDS by using a TABLES statement.

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Example:

TABLES SSCRFIELDS.
DATA FLAG.
PARAMETERS TEST:
SELECTION-SCREEN PUSHBUTTON /20(10) BUT1
USER-COMMAND CLI1.
SELECTION-SCREEN PUSHBUTTON /20(10) TEXT-020
USER-COMMAND CLI2.
INITIALIZATION.
BUT1 = ‘Button 1’.
AT SELECTION-SCREEN.
IF SSCRFIELDS-UCOMM = ‘FCI1’.
FLAG = ‘1’.
ELSEIF SSCRFIELDS-UCOMM = ‘CLI2’.
FLAG = ‘2’.
ENDIF.
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START-OF-SELECTION.

IF FLAG = ‘1’.
WRITE : / ’Button 1 was clicked’.
ELSEIF FLAG = ‘2’.
Write : / ‘Button 2 was clicked’.
ENDIF.
If the text symbol TEXT-020 is defined as ‘button 2’, this example
causes two pushbuttons with the texts ‘Button 1’ and ‘Button 2’ to
appear on the selection screen.
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Creating Pushbuttons on the Selection Screen

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What is a Variant?

•A variant is an interface to the selection screen.

•If you want to run the same report program with the same selections at
regular intervals (for example, for monthly sales statistics), you would
not want to enter the same values each time. ABAP/4 offers you a
possibility to combine the desired values for all these selections in one
selection set. Such a selection set is called a variant.

•You can create as many different selection sets as you like for each
report program and they remain assigned only to the report program in
question.

•Variants you use online may have different functions than those you
use in background processing.
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•Using Variants Online:

•Online, starting a report via variant saves the user work, since he does
not have to enter the same selection set again and again each time the
selection screen appears. In addition, using a variant minimizes input
errors.

•Using Variants in Background Processing:

•In background processing, a variant is the only possibility you have to

pass values for the selections. Therefore, report programs executed in
the background must be started via a variant .
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Variable in variant

While creating a variant , you can create it as a variable variant.

This setting is done in the attributes screen while creating variant.

You can do this in the following three ways :

- variable date calculation

- user-specific values
- values from Table TVARV
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CREATING AND CHANGING VARIANTS:

To create or change a variant, start from the ABAP/4 Editor: Initial

screen. Enter the name of the program you want to maintain a variant
for, mark Variants and choose Change. The ABAP/4: Variants - Initial
Screen appears. You can now display a list of existing variants for the
program, create a new variant, or modify an existing one.
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Creating / Changing a Variant

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DELETING VARIANTS:

To delete a variant, enter the report name and the variant name in the
variants initial screen. Then, choose Variants -> Delete.

PRINTING VARIANTS:

To print a variant, enter the name of the variant in the variants initial
screen, choose the values for display and click print. Note that you
cannot print the values if you are in change mode.
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Deleting Variants
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Printing Variant in Display mode

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Controlling the Flow of ABAP/4 Programs by Events

ABAP/4 is an event-driven language. This means that the general flow of

an ABAP/4 program is controlled by external events. Parts of a program
form processing blocks, which are assigned to a certain event. The
system always starts a processing block when the corresponding event
occurs.

What is a processing block ?

You can define processing blocks in your ABAP/4 program by using

event keywords. All statements between two event keywords or between
an event keyword and a FORM statement form a processing block. When
an event occurs, the system processes the processing block after the
corresponding event keyword. Each statement in an ABAP/4 report
program is part of a processing block or a subroutine.
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EVENTS

INITIALIZATION Point before the selection screen is

displayed

AT SELECTION-SCREEN Point after processing user input on the

selection screen while
the selection screen is still active

START-OF-SELECTION Point after processing the selection

screen

GET <table> Point at which the logical database

offers a line of the database table
<table>.

END-OF-SELECTION Point after processing all lines offered

by the logical database.
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Events occurring during the processing of the output list of a report.

TOP-OF-PAGE Point during list processing when a new page is

started.

END-OF-PAGE Point during list processing when a page is ended.

Event keywords to write a program for interactive reporting:

AT LINE-SELECTION Point at which the user selects a line

AT USER-COMMAND Point at which the user presses a function key

or enters a command in the command field.

AT PF<nn> Point at which the user presses the function

key with the function code PF<n>
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MESSAGES

They are grouped by language, a two-character ID, and a three-digit

number. From your program, you can send a message with different
qualifications:

A Abend; the current transaction is stopped

E Error; the system waits for new input data
I Information; after pressing ENTER, the system continues
processing
S Confirmation; the message appears on the next screen
W Warning; you can change the input data or continue by
pressing ENTER

You must specify the MESSAGE-ID behind the REPORT statement of your
program.
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INITIALIZATION

When you start a program in which a selection screen is defined (either in

the program itself or in the linked logical database program), the system
normally processes this selection screen first. If you want to execute a
processing block before the selection screen is processed, you can
assign it to the event keyword INITIALIZATION.
ABAP/4 REPORTS

EXAMPLE:

REPORT SAPMZTST.
TABLES SPFLI.

SELECT-OPTIONS : CARRID FOR SPFLI-CARRID.

PARAMETERS : FIRSTDAY LIKE SY-DATUM DEFAULT SY-DATUM,
CITYFROM LIKE SPFLI-CITYFROM,
CITYTO LIKE SPFLI-CITYTO.
INITIALIZATION.
CITYFROM = 'NEW YORK'.
CITYTO = 'FRANKFURT'.
CARRID-SIGN = 'I'.
CARRID-OPTION = 'EQ'.
CARRID-LOW = 'AA'.
APPEND CARRID.
FIRSTDAY+(2) = '01'.
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Example of Initialization
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AT SELECTION-SCREEN

The event keyword AT SELECTION-SCREEN provides you with several

possibilities to carry out processing blocks while the system is
processing the selection screen. To react on different events, that can
occur when the selection screen is processed, the keyword AT
SELECTION-SCREEN has various options:
•AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON <field>.
•AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON END OF <seltab>.
•AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON VALUE-REQUEST FOR <field>.
•AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON HELP-REQUEST FOR <field>.
•AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON RADIOBUTTON GROUP <radi>.
•AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON BLOCK <block>.
•AT SELECTION-SCREEN OUTPUT.
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START-OF-SELECTION

The event START-OF-SELECTION gives you the possibility of creating a

processing block after processing the selection screen and before
accessing database tables.

If you do not specify any event keywords in your program, all statements
of the program before a FORM statement form the START-OF-
SELECTION processing block.

NOTE:
•All statements between an ENDFORM statement and an event keyword
or between an ENDFORM statement and the end of the program form a
processing block that is never processed.
ABAP/4 REPORTS

•Do not place any statements there. Place all subroutines at the end of
your program.

•Statements which do not follow an event keyword or a FORM-ENDFORM

block are automatically part of the processing block of the default event
START-OF-SELECTION . This has the following consequences:

•If you write statements between the REPORT statements and the first
event keyword or FORM statement, these statements are included in the
START-OF-SELECTION processing block.

•If no START-OF-SELECTION keyword is included in your report, these

statements form the entire START-OF-SELECTION processing block.

•If a START-OF-SELECTION keyword is included in your report, these

statements are inserted at the beginning of this block.
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END-OF-SELECTION

To define a processing block after the system has read and processed all
database tables of a logical database, use the keyword END-OF-
SELECTION.