Chapter 3 Selections

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807
1
 The boolean Type and Operators
Often in a program you need to compare two
values, such as whether i is greater than j. Java
provides six comparison operators (also known
as relational operators) that can be used to
compare two values. The result of the
comparison is a Boolean value: true or false.

boolean b = (1 > 2);

2
 Comparison Operators
Operator Name
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to
3
 One-way if Statements
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * PI;
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius "
if (boolean-expression) {
statement(s); + radius + " is " + area);
} }

false false
Boolean (radius >= 0)
Expression

true true

Statement(s) area = radius * radius * PI;

System.out.println("The area for the circle of " +
"radius " + radius + " is " + area);

(A) (B)
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 Note
if i > 0 { if (i > 0) {
System.out.println("i is positive"); System.out.println("i is positive");
} }
(a) Wrong (b) Correct

if (i > 0) { if (i > 0)
System.out.println("i is positive"); Equivalent System.out.println("i is positive");
}

(a) (b)

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 The Two-way if Statement
if (boolean-expression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

true false
Boolean
Expression

Statement(s) for the true case Statement(s) for the false case

6
 if...else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

System.out.println("The area for the “

+ “circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}

7
 Multiple Alternative if Statements

if (score >= 90.0) if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A'; grade = 'A';
else else if (score >= 80.0)
if (score >= 80.0) Equivalent grade = 'B';
grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0)
else grade = 'C';
if (score >= 70.0) else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'C'; grade = 'D';
else else
if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'F';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

9
animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

10
animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

11
animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

12
animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

13
 Common Errors
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common
mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error
or a runtime error, it is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line block style.

14
 Problem: Body Mass Index
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on
weight. It can be calculated by taking your weight
in kilograms and dividing by the square of your
height in meters. The interpretation of BMI for
people 16 years or older is as follows:
BMI Interpretation

below 16 serious underweight

16-18 underweight
18-24 normal weight ComputeBMI
24-29 overweight
29-35 seriously overweight
above 35 gravely overweight Run

15
 Logical Operators
Operator Name
! not
&& and
|| or
^ exclusive or

16
 Truth Table for Operator !
p !p Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'M')
true false !(age > 18) is false, because (age > 18) is true.
false true !(gender == 'F') is true, because (gender == 'F') is false.

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 Truth Table for Operator &&
p1 p2 p1 && p2 Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F')

false false false (age > 18) && (gender == 'F') is true, because (age
false true false > 18) and (gender == 'F') are both true.

true false false (age > 18) && (gender != 'F') is false, because
(gender != 'F') is false.
true true true

18
 Truth Table for Operator ||
p1 p2 p1 || p2 Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F')

false false false (age > 34) || (gender == 'F') is true, because (gender
false true true == 'F') is true.

true false true (age > 34) || (gender == 'M') is false, because (age >
true true true 34) and (gender == 'M') are both false.

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 Examples
Here is a program that checks whether a number is divisible by 2
and 3, whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3, and whether a
number is divisible by 2 or 3 but not both:

TestBooleanOperators Run

20
 Truth Table for Operator !
p !p Example
true false !(1 > 2) is true, because (1 > 2) is false.
false true !(1 > 0) is false, because (1 > 0) is true.

21
 Truth Table for Operator &&
p1 p2 p1 && p2 Example
false false false (3 > 2) && (5 >= 5) is true, because (3 >
false true false 2) and (5 >= 5) are both true.

true false false (3 > 2) && (5 > 5) is false, because (5 >

true true true 5) is false.

22
 Truth Table for Operator ||

p1 p2 p1 || p2 Example
false false false (2 > 3) || (5 > 5) is false, because (2 > 3)
false true true and (5 > 5) are both false.

true false true (3 > 2) || (5 > 5) is true, because (3 > 2)

true true true is true.

23
 Truth Table for Operator ^
p1 p2 p1 ^ p2 Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F')

false false false (age > 34) ^ (gender == 'F') is true, because (age
false true true > 34) is false but (gender == 'F') is true.

true false true (age > 34) || (gender == 'M') is false, because (age
> 34) and (gender == 'M') are both false.
true true false

24
 Problem: Lottery
Write a program that randomly generates a lottery of a two-
digit number, prompts the user to enter a two-digit number,
and determines whether the user wins according to the
following rule:
• If the user input matches the lottery in exact order, the
award is $10,000.
• If the user input matches the lottery, the award is
$3,000.
• If one digit in the user input matches a digit in the
lottery, the award is $1,000.

Lottery Run

25
 switch Statements
switch (status) {
case 0: compute taxes for single filers;
break;
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly;
break;
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately;
break;
case 3: compute taxes for head of household;
break;
default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid status");
System.exit(0);
}

26
switch Statement Flow Chart
status is 0
Compute tax for single filers break

status is 1
Compute tax for married file jointly break

status is 2
Compute tax for married file separatly break

status is 3
Compute tax for head of household break

default
Default actions

Next Statement

27
 switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression
must yield a value of char, switch (switch-expression) {
byte, short, or int type and
must always be enclosed case value1: statement(s)1;
in parentheses. break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
The value1, ..., and valueN must break;
have the same data type as the …
value of the switch-expression.
The resulting statements in the case valueN: statement(s)N;
case statement are executed when break;
the value in the case statement default: statement(s)-for-default;
matches the value of the switch-
}
expression. Note that value1, ...,
and valueN are constant
expressions, meaning that they
cannot contain variables in the
expression, such as 1 + x.

28
 switch Statement Rules
The keyword break is optional, switch (switch-expression) {
but it should be used at the end of
case value1: statement(s)1;
each case in order to terminate the
remainder of the switch statement. break;
If the break statement is not case value2: statement(s)2;
present, the next case statement
will be executed. break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
The default case, which is break;
optional, can be used to perform default: statement(s)-for-default;
actions when none of the
specified cases matches the }
switch-expression. The case statements are executed in sequential
order, but the order of the cases (including the
default case) does not matter. However, it is good
programming style to follow the logical sequence of
the cases and place the default case at the end.

29
animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

30
animation

Trace switch statement

ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

31
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

32
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

33
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

34
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute next statement

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Next statement;

35
animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

36
animation

Trace switch statement

ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

37
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

38
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

39
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute next statement

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Next statement;

40
 Conditional Operator
if (x > 0)
y=1
else
y = -1;

is equivalent to

y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;
(boolean-expression) ? expression1 : expression2

Ternary operator

41
 Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + “is even”);
else
System.out.println(num + “is odd”);

System.out.println(
(num % 2 == 0)? num + “is even” :
num + “is odd”);

42
 Conditional Operator, cont.
(boolean-expression) ? exp1 : exp2

43
 Formatting Output
Use the printf statement.
System.out.printf(format, items);
Where format is a string that may consist of substrings and
format specifiers. A format specifier specifies how an item
should be displayed. An item may be a numeric value,
character, boolean value, or a string. Each specifier begins
with a percent sign.

44
 Frequently-Used Specifiers
Specifier Output Example
%b a boolean value true or false
%c a character 'a'
%d a decimal integer 200
%f a floating-point number 45.460000
%e a number in standard scientific notation 4.556000e+01
%s a string "Java is cool"

int count = 5;
items
double amount = 45.56;
System.out.printf("count is %d and amount is %f", count, amount);

display count is 5 and amount is 45.560000

45
 (GUI) Confirmation Dialogs

int option = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog

(null, "Continue");

46
 (GUI) Confirmation Dialogs
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;

public class ConfirmDialog1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int input = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, "Do you like bacon?");
// 0=yes, 1=no, 2=cancel
System.out.println(input);
}
}

47