DATABASE

SYSTEMS
DIT 2nd Semester
By
BrainSoft IT Academy & English
Language
 Data and Information

Definition of Database

Importance/Advantages of Databases

Outlines Database Models

Definition of Database Management System (DBMS)

Functions of DBMS

Downloading and Installation of MySQL Server 8.0:

Data & Information
Data:
The raw facts and figures that can be recorded and stored.
Data is a fundamental concept in the field of information technology and databases. It refers
to raw facts, figures, or information that can be collected, recorded, or stored. Data can take
many forms, including text, numbers, images, videos, and more.
Information:
Information refers to processed and organized data that has been transformed into a
meaningful and useful form. It represents knowledge or insights derived from data, making it
valuable for decision-making, understanding, and communication.
Data vs. Information:
Data: Raw facts, figures, or values that lack context or meaning on their own.
Information: Data that has been processed, analyzed, and organized to provide context and
significance.
What is Database?
• Database Definition:
• A database is an organized collection of data, so that it can be easily accessed and managed.
• You can organize data into tables, rows, columns, and index it to make it easier to find relevant
information.
• A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored
electronically in a computer system. A database is usually controlled by a database management
system (DBMS). Together, the data and the DBMS, along with the applications that are associated
with them, are referred to as a database system, often shortened to just database.
• A database is like a digital filing cabinet where we neatly store and organize information. It helps
us find, add, and manage data efficiently, making it easier to work with and make sense of lots of
information.
Importance/Advantages of Databases
• Databases offer several key advantages and importance, including:
• Data Organization: Databases provide a structured and organized way to store and manage data,
making it easier to find and work with information efficiently.
• Data Retrieval: Users can quickly and easily retrieve specific data, which is crucial for decision-
making and analysis.
• Data Integrity: Databases ensure data accuracy and consistency through features like validation
rules, constraints, and data validation.
• Security: Databases allow for controlled access to data, safeguarding sensitive information and
protecting against unauthorized access.
• Scalability: They can grow as data volume increases, accommodating expanding data needs without
significant disruption.
• Data Sharing: Databases enable collaborative work by allowing multiple users to access and
modify data concurrently.
Importance/Advantages of Databases
• Data Redundancy Reduction: Through normalization, databases minimize data redundancy, which
enhances data consistency and efficiency.
• Data Recovery: Regular backups and recovery mechanisms safeguard data against loss due to
system failures or errors.
• Automation: Databases support automation through stored procedures and triggers, streamlining
routine tasks.
• Data Analysis: They facilitate data analysis and reporting, enabling informed decision-making.
• Centralization: They serve as central repositories, reducing the need for scattered data storage
across different systems.
• Data Independence: Databases separate data from applications, making it easier to change and
update software without affecting data.
• These advantages make databases an essential tool in various fields, from business and finance to
healthcare and education.
Database Models
• A database model is like a template for organizing and storing data in a structured way.
• Database models are like blueprints for how we organize and structure data within a database
system. They are the foundation of how we manage and access information. In this lecture, we'll
focus on three important database models: the Hierarchical, Network, and Relational models. Each
model has unique characteristics and uses, and understanding them is crucial for efficient data
management and decision-making in the world of databases.
• We will Discussed the following three types of Database models here:
• Hierarchical
• Network
• Relational
Hierarchical database model
• In a hierarchical database, data is organized in a top-down, tree-like structure. There's a single root
element at the top, which branches out into child elements, and these child elements can have their
own children, creating a hierarchy.
• E.G: Imagine an e-commerce database for a clothing store. The store itself is the root, leading to
categories like Men's, Women's, and Children's. Each category then branches into subcategories. For
Men's, you might have Shirts, Pants, and Accessories. Each of these subcategories can have
individual products, which are the leaves of the tree.
• The key concept is parent-child relationships. Each node (element) has a single parent, and the
parent can have multiple children.
• This model is suitable for representing data with clear, one-to-many relationships. It's efficient for
certain types of data, such as organizational structures or file systems.
• Limitations: The hierarchical model can be inflexible for data that doesn't fit neatly into a tree
structure. It's not well-suited for many-to-many relationships, where multiple parents can have
multiple children.
Network database model
• The network database model was created to solve the shortcomings of the hierarchical database
model. In this type of model, a child can be linked to multiple parents, a feature that was not
supported by the hierarchical data model. The parent nodes are known as owners and the child
nodes are called members.
• E.G: Consider a database for a university. In this model, students and courses can have a many-to-
many relationship. Each student can be enrolled in multiple courses, and each course can have
multiple students. Professors can also be associated with several courses, and a course can have
several professors.
• Unlike the hierarchical model, the network model allows records to have multiple 'owners' or
'parents.' In our university example, a student can be linked to multiple courses, and a course can
have multiple students. This flexibility is a significant advantage.
• The network model is suitable for representing complex, interconnected data with many-to-many
relationships. It can be particularly useful for applications where entities have multiple connections
to other entities, such as in inventory management systems.
Relational database model
• Relational data model is the primary data model, which is used widely around the world for data
storage and processing. This model is simple and it has all the properties and capabilities required to
process data with storage efficiency.
• In the Relational Database Model, data is structured into tables, each of which represents a specific
entity or concept. Each table consists of rows (records) and columns (attributes). The relationships
between tables are established through shared values, known as keys.
• E.G: Consider a customer management database for an e-commerce platform. You might have a
"Customers" table where each row represents an individual customer. Another table, "Orders,"
contains order details, and a key (e.g., customer ID) links orders to specific customers. This
relationship allows for efficient querying of which customer made which order.
• Tables and Records: Tables represent entities or objects, such as customers, products, or orders.
Records in a table contain specific data related to those entities. For example, the "Products" table
may include rows with information about various products, such as name, price, and description.
Relational database model
• Columns and Attributes: Columns within tables define the attributes or properties of the entities.
In the "Products" table, attributes might include product ID, name, price, and description. Each
column contains data of a specific type.
• Keys: Keys, such as primary keys and foreign keys, are crucial in the relational model. A primary
key uniquely identifies each record in a table. A foreign key links records in one table to records in
another, establishing relationships between tables.
• Normalization: One of the strengths of the relational model is normalization, a process that
minimizes data redundancy by structuring data efficiently. This involves breaking tables into
smaller, related tables to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.
• The relational model is widely used in various applications, including customer relationship
management, inventory systems, financial databases, and more. Its structured approach simplifies
data management and retrieval.
• Advantages: It provides a clear and organized way to represent data, ensuring data integrity and
making it easy to query and retrieve information. It's versatile and suitable for a wide range of
applications.
 Database Management System (DBMS)
• A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that is designed to manage and organize data in
a structured manner. It allows users to create, modify, and query a database, as well as manage the security and
access controls for that database.
• Key functions of a DBMS include:
• Data Storage: It manages the physical storage of data on disk and in memory, optimizing storage space and
access times.
• Data Retrieval: DBMS provides mechanisms to retrieve specific data from the database efficiently using
queries and commands.
• Data Security: It enforces access control, authentication, and authorization to ensure that only authorized users
can access and modify data.
• Data Integrity: DBMS enforces data constraints and integrity rules to maintain the accuracy and consistency of
data.
• Backup and Recovery: It supports data backup and recovery processes to safeguard against data loss due to
system failures or errors.
• Multi-User Access Control: DBMS allows multiple users to access and manipulate data simultaneously while
maintaining data consistency and integrity.
 Database Management System (DBMS)
• The two main types of Database Management Systems (DBMS) are:
• Relational DBMS (SQL Based)
• (MS Access, MS SQL, MySQL, ORACLE)
• Non-Relational DBMS (NoSQL)
• (MongoDB, HBase, Cassandra)
• Relational DBMS (SQL Based):
• These database management systems are based on the relational model, which organizes data into
structured tables with rows and columns. They are known for their ability to enforce data integrity and
relationships between tables.
• Non-Relational DBMS (NoSQL):
• Non-Relational DBMS, often referred to as NoSQL databases, come in various types and are designed
to handle unstructured, semi-structured, or complex data.
 Functions of DBMS
• DBMS performs several important functions that guarantee the integrity and consistency of the data in
the database. The most important functions of Database Management System are:
• Data Dictionary Management
• Data Storage Management
• Data Integrity Management
• Backup & Recovery Management
• Security Management
• Multi-User Access Control
• Let us discussed it one by one in details
 Data Dictionary Management
• Data dictionary management is also useful functionality provided by the Database Management
System. In the data dictionary, it stores the data and its related information about its relationship. So, a
data dictionary keeps the data structures and their relationships with other data, so that a programmer is
not responsible for storing the relationship in the database through complex coding. DBMS provides
the data abstraction and removes the dependency of the data from the system.
• Table Definitions: It contains information about the tables in the database, such as their names,
primary keys, and relationships with other tables.
• Column Attributes: Each column within a table is described in terms of its name, data type,
constraints (e.g., unique or not null), and descriptions.
• Data Types: It lists the available data types supported by the DBMS and their characteristics.
• Constraints and Rules: Data dictionary entries specify any constraints, rules, or triggers associated
with data to ensure data integrity.
• Indexes and Keys: Information about indexes and keys used for optimizing data retrieval is
documented.
 Data Storage Management
• One of the most important tasks for DBMS is to create a database for complex data and manage the
data. It gives relief to the user by creating a structure for the complex data sets so that users can access
it and manipulate them very easily. Modern database systems not only provide storage for the data but
they store and manage the metadata (data of data) like data procedural rules, validation rules etc.
DBMS also provides performance tuning, which makes accessing data faster and easier.
• Data is physically stored on storage devices, such as hard drives. This function decides how data is
organized, which can significantly impact data retrieval speed.
• Data Storage Management plays a vital role in ensuring that data access is efficient. Effective data
access optimization improves database query performance.
• Data compression techniques reduce the amount of storage space required. This not only saves on
storage costs but also speeds up data retrieval, as compressed data can be read faster.
• As data volumes increase over time, effective Data Storage Management is essential to accommodate
this growth without sacrificing performance. It involves planning for data distribution and ensuring that
the database can scale to meet increasing demands.
 Data Integrity Management
• Data Integrity refers to the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data in a database. Data Integrity
Management is a critical function within a Database Management System (DBMS) that ensures data remains
trustworthy and error-free.
• Data Integrity Constraints: This function enforces data integrity through a variety of constraints, including:
• Primary Key Constraint: Ensures that each record in a table has a unique identifier. It prevents duplicate or
null values in the primary key column.
• Unique Constraint: Requires that values in a specific column or set of columns are unique across all records
in the table.
• Foreign Key Constraint: Enforces referential integrity by linking data in one table to data in another table,
maintaining consistency in relationships.
• Check Constraint: Allows you to specify conditions that data must meet, ensuring that only valid data is
entered.
• Default Constraint: Specifies a default value for a column if no value is provided during data entry.
• Enforcement: Data Integrity Management ensures that these constraints are enforced rigorously. If data is
entered or modified in a way that violates these rules, the DBMS rejects the transaction, maintaining the
integrity of the data.
 Backup & Recovery Management
• Backup & Recovery Management is a critical aspect of database management. It involves creating
duplicates of data and maintaining them in secure storage to protect against data loss, corruption, or
unexpected system failures. Key aspects include:
• Data Integrity: Backups serve as a safety net to ensure data integrity by providing a point of recovery
in case data becomes corrupt due to hardware failures or other issues.
• Data Availability: Backups guarantee that data is accessible and can be restored even if the primary
database experiences problems. This is crucial for minimizing downtime.
• Disaster Recovery: Backup & Recovery Management is an integral part of disaster recovery planning.
It ensures that data can be restored after catastrophic events like fires, floods, or cyberattacks.
• Understanding Backup & Recovery Management is fundamental to maintaining data integrity and
ensuring data availability, even in the face of unexpected challenges or disasters. It's a critical aspect of
database management that safeguards valuable data assets.
 Security Management
• Security Management is another important function of Database Management System(DBMS). The
DBMS creates a security system that enforces user security and data privacy. Security rules determine
which users can access the database, which data items each user can access, and which data operations
(read, add, delete, or modify) the user can perform. This is especially important in multiuser database
systems.
• Security Management in a Database Management System (DBMS) refers to the comprehensive
approach to safeguarding data and ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. It
encompasses various strategies and measures to protect data from unauthorized access, tampering, or
loss.
 Multi-User Access Control
• Multi User Access control is another feature which is provided by the modern Database Systems. So,
more than one user can access the database at the same time without any problem. This feature makes
sure the integrity of the data present in the database. It also follows the ACID property, so the database
will be consistent while multiple users are accessing it concurrently. It is very useful for the database of
organizations where multiple database engineers are working concurrently.
• ACID Properties: The system adheres to the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)
properties, ensuring that the database remains consistent even in a multi-user environment. ACID
properties guarantee that transactions are processed reliably.
• Simultaneous Access: Multi-User Access Control enables multiple users to access the database
concurrently without conflicts, making it suitable for environments where many users need to interact
with the database simultaneously.
 Downloading and Installation of MySQL Server 8.0

• 1. Download MySQL Community Server from

• dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/
• 2. Install MySQL Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench 8.0 and MySQL
• Shell 8.0 as follow: (a) Run the downloaded MySQL-installer community-8.0 file. (b) Choose the
Custom setup type, click Next.
• (c) Select ‘MySQL Server 8.0’ from Servers, ‘MySQL Workbench
• 8.0’ and ‘MySQL Shell 8.0’ from Applications, ‘Samples and
• Examples’ from Documentation. Click arrow key to bring these
• products in the list of “Products to be Installed”. Click Next then
• Click Execute then Next. (d) Leave default settings on Type and Networking, click next. Keep “Use
strong password…..” and click next. Create a MySQL Root Password and click next. Leave default
settings on “Windows Service” and click next. Keep default settings and click next. Click Execute.
Click Finish. (e) Enter password and click check. Then Next and then Execute. Finally click Finish,
Next and Finish. (f) The MySQL Workbench 8.0 and MySQL Shell tool will be started.
Any Question??
Thank You!!!