Speciation

INTRODUCTION
• Biological evolution is a powerful and

important process.
• It is a process which, over billions of
years, gradually selects the organisms
that are better adapted to their
environment to continuously change
life and make all living organisms in
our world the way they are today.
INTRODUCTION
• Evolution is not a finished event
wherein humans are the final product.
• Rather, it is a continuing process which
has been changing and forming life on
• Earth for billions of years, and
continues to do so for as long as
organisms are born, dying and
competing for what they need to
survive and reproduce.
ACTIVITY
• Directions:
• What can you say about the
pictures below?
• What could be there similarities
and differences?
• Share your opinion with your
classmates and teacher.
SPECIES
• Ernst Mayer’s definition:
“Species are groups of interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated
from other such groups.”
• - Is a closely related organism that are very

similar and capable of producing fertile
offspring
• Reproductive Isolating Mechanism
• The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are
a collection of evolutionary mechanisms,
behaviors and physiological processes critical
for speciation.
• They prevent members of different species
from producing offspring, or ensure that any
offspring are sterile.
• These barriers maintain the integrity of a
species by reducing gene flow between
related species
1. Pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms
• 1.1 Geographic or ecological or habitat isolation
• 1.2 Temporal or seasonal isolation
• 1.3 Behavioral isolation
• 1.4 Mechanical isolation
• 1.5 Gametic isolation
2. Post-zygotic isolation mechanisms
• 2.1 Hybrid inviability

• 2.2 Hybrid sterility
• 2.3 Hybrid breakdown
1. Pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms
• prevent fertilization and

zygote formation.
• happens before
fertilization occurs
between gametes.
1.1 Geographic or ecological or habitat
isolation
• occurs when two species that could interbreed
do not because the species live in different
areas.
• The two species live in different habitats and will
not encounter one another: each is isolated from
the other species.
TEMPORAL OR SEASONAL ISOLATION
• - different groups may not be reproductively
mature. For example, two populations of
plants may produce flowers in different
seasons, making mating between the
populations impossible.
BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION
• patterns of courtship is different.
• occurs when mismatches in mating traits
(signals and/or preferences) prevent mating
between two species/populations.
• For example, eastern & western meadowlark
songs differ
MECHANICAL ISOLATION
• differences in reproductive organs prevent
successful interbreeding.
• Mechanical isolation occurs when mating is
physically impossible.
GAMETIC ISOLATION
• - incompatibilities between egg and sperm
prevent fertilization.
• Often this occurs because the female immune
system recognizes sperm as foreign and
attacks it.
2. Post-zygotic isolation mechanisms
• - allow fertilization but nonviable or

weak or sterile hybrids are formed.
• In these cases, the zygote formed is
called a hybrid.
• However, even after a hybrid zygote
forms, reproduction may still not be
successful.
Hybrid Inviability
• - fertilized egg fails to develop past the early
embryonic stages.
• For example, when tigers and leopards are
crossed, the zygote begins to develop but the
pregnancy ends in miscarriage or stillborn.
HYBRID STERILITY
• Their hybrids are sterile because

gonads develop abnormally or
there is abnormal segregation of
chromosomes during meiosis.
• A horse and a donkey may
produce a hybrid offspring a mule.
• Mules are sterile.
HYBRID STERILITY
HYBRID BREAKDOWN
• F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and viable,
but F2 contains many weak or sterile
individuals.
SPECIATION
• The evolutionary process by
which populations evolve to
become distinct species.
• It is the process by which new
species develop from existing
species.
Mode of speciation
A.ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
B.SYMPATRIC SPECIATION
C.PARAPATRIC SPECIATION
ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
• Occurs when some members of a
population become geographically
separated from the other members
thereby preventing geneflow.
• Ex. geographic barriers
– Bodies of water and mountain ranges
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
• Sym- same , patric---place
• “same place”
• Occurs when members of a population that
initially occupy the same habitat within the
same range diverge into two or more different
species.
• It involves abrupt genetic changes that quickly
lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of
individuals.
• Ex. Change in chromosome number.
PARAPATRIC SPECIATION
• PARA- besides, PATRIC- beside each other
• Occurs when the groups that evolved to be
separate species are geographic neighbors.
• Geneflow occurs but with great distances is
reduced.
• There is also abrupt change in the
environment over a geographic border and
strong disruptive selection must also
happen.

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INTRODUCTION

• Biological evolution is a powerful and

• - Is a closely related organism that are very

• 2.1 Hybrid inviability

• prevent fertilization and

• - allow fertilization but nonviable or

• Their hybrids are sterile because

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