Infectious laryngotracheitis is an acute respiratory disease of chickens characterized by respiratory depression, dyspnea, coughing, and expectoration of bloody exudate. It is caused by a herpesvirus that infects the lining of the airways, causing variable breathing difficulty. Clinical signs are most common in mature chickens aged 3-9 months and include neck extension during breathing, nasal discharge, and reduced egg production. Diagnosis involves detecting intranuclear inclusion bodies in respiratory tissues or isolating the virus. Control relies on vaccination and biosecurity to prevent exposure to the virus from wild birds or other infected poultry.
Infectious laryngotracheitis is an acute respiratory disease of chickens characterized by respiratory depression, dyspnea, coughing, and expectoration of bloody exudate. It is caused by a herpesvirus that infects the lining of the airways, causing variable breathing difficulty. Clinical signs are most common in mature chickens aged 3-9 months and include neck extension during breathing, nasal discharge, and reduced egg production. Diagnosis involves detecting intranuclear inclusion bodies in respiratory tissues or isolating the virus. Control relies on vaccination and biosecurity to prevent exposure to the virus from wild birds or other infected poultry.
Infectious laryngotracheitis is an acute respiratory disease of chickens characterized by respiratory depression, dyspnea, coughing, and expectoration of bloody exudate. It is caused by a herpesvirus that infects the lining of the airways, causing variable breathing difficulty. Clinical signs are most common in mature chickens aged 3-9 months and include neck extension during breathing, nasal discharge, and reduced egg production. Diagnosis involves detecting intranuclear inclusion bodies in respiratory tissues or isolating the virus. Control relies on vaccination and biosecurity to prevent exposure to the virus from wild birds or other infected poultry.
Infectious laryngotracheitis is an acute respiratory disease of chickens characterized by respiratory depression, dyspnea, coughing, and expectoration of bloody exudate. It is caused by a herpesvirus that infects the lining of the airways, causing variable breathing difficulty. Clinical signs are most common in mature chickens aged 3-9 months and include neck extension during breathing, nasal discharge, and reduced egg production. Diagnosis involves detecting intranuclear inclusion bodies in respiratory tissues or isolating the virus. Control relies on vaccination and biosecurity to prevent exposure to the virus from wild birds or other infected poultry.
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INFECTIOUS
LARYNGOTRACHEITIS DEFINATION An acute respiratory disease of layer chickens (mild to per acute) Characterized by Signs of respiratory depression, dyspnoea Gasping, coughing, neck extension during inspiration Expectoration of bloody exudates Severe necrotizing laryngitis and tracheitis Morbidity (50-70%) Mortality (10-20%) HISTORY
Firstly, described in 1925 in USA.
The disease is endemic in northern areas and mid Punjab of Pakistan, where layer population is more ETIOLOGY
ILT virus or Herpes virus
Family: Herpesviridae Characteristics: DNA virus Enveloped Sensitive to heat & various disinfectants ( iodophores, quarternary ammonium and sodium hypochlorite ) Inactivates in less than 24 hours at 37oC Kills the cells lining the airways causing variable degrees of breathing difficulty HOST
Chicken is primary natural host (3-9 months,
acute form of disease occurs) Although affects all ages, the most characteristic signs are observed in adult birds. Less than 4 weeks show mild form Pheasants and Peafowls also affected Turkeys, ducks and geese do not get the disease, but they can spread the virus TRANSMISSION Sick bird excretes virus; Respiratory secretions Droppings
Horizontal Mechanical transmission by use of contaminated equipments & litter Recovered birds become carriers and excrete virus Wild birds may act as carriers Mechanical carriers (Humans, Dogs, Rats, crows)
Vertical: Not reported
FACTORS INFLUENCING SUSCEPTIBILITY More prevalent in cold months (poor ventilation). Out breaks are common in winter and autumn. Clinical disease is more severe in hotter climates; it appears that the humid & high temperature enhance the respiratory distress. Occurs from year to year on the same premises or in the same general area. Susceptible age; seen mainly in maturing or mature chicken (3-9 months) and disease is mild or rare under 4 weeks of age. Stress; movement, handling or even onset of laying SIGNS
Three major forms; - acute, subacute and the mild or
chronic forms Neck may be extended during an inspiratory effect, with open beak to inhale more air (since the trachea is often partially occluded) Nasal discharge & moist rales Coughing, Gasping and marked dyspnoea Expectoration of blood stained mucus Beak and neck feathers may be stained with blood Drop in egg production but no affect on egg quality PATHOGENESIS
Natural portals of entry are through upper respiratory
tract & ocular route Virus attaches to cell receptors on the cell surface Fusion of viral enveloped with host cell plasma membrane & Nucleocapsid is released into cytoplasm Transported to the nuclear membrane & migrates into nucleus through nuclear pores Transcription & replication of viral DNA in the nucleus Enveloped virion release by cell lysis Intense viral replication in respiratory tissue with little or no viremia and production of intra nuclear inclusion bodies in the tracheal epithelium POSTMORTEM FINDINGS
Lesions occur most consistently in tracheal & laryngeal
tissues Edema & congestion of the epithelium of the conjunctiva & infraorbital sinuses in mild form of the disease Excessive mucus and/or haemorrhages in trachea & larynx Blood mixed with mucus & necrotic tissue in the lumen of trachea (blood casts) Tracheal plugs may occlude the lumen of trachea Intranuclear inclusions are present in early stages (1-5 days) of the disease, as necrosis & desquamation destroy affected epithelial tissue. DIAGNOSIS Clinical signs in case of severe acute disease; high mortality & expectoration of blood Detection of intra-nuclear inclusion bodies in respiratory & conjunctival epithelium Isolation & identification of the causative organism Site for sample collection Trachea, larynx, conjunctiva or exudate collected by swabbing these areas Serology ELISA Virus neutralization Agar gel immunodiffusion Indirect fluorescent antibody RT-PCR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
IB: It has greater effect on egg production and
high mortality than ILT. Deterioration of egg quality is not normally a factor in ILT. ND: Higher mortality, Nervous signs & proventricular haemorrhages are more suggestive of ND. ILT spreads slowly in flock than ND. Fowl pox: Presence of cytoplasmic inclusions ( Diphtheritic form) CONTROL Avoid mixing of vaccinated or recovered chickens with susceptible ones Avoid exposure of susceptible birds to contaminated fomites High level of biosecurity (effective viricidal agent at the entrance) Prevent contamination of feed and water sources by wild birds Do not keep fancy birds or poultry on a commercial poultry operation Rodent & dog control Thorough cleanup of poultry house (sanitary procedures). Houses should be left vacant for 4-6 weeks Immunization (live or killed attenuated vaccines after 2nd week) in DW, ED or Aerosol Sprays & revaccinated at 10 weeks of age. Swollen, watery eyes Open-mouth breathing Open-mouth breathing Gasping and Dyspnoea Bloody mucus in mouth Trachea filled with blood and mucus MUCOUS, NECROSIS, BLOOD Trachea filled with blood Harmorrhagic trachea Intra-nuclear inclusion bodies in respiratory epithelium Intra-nuclear inclusion bodies
Download full White and Pharoah's Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation - Sanjay Mallya, Ernest Lam - 8th Edition (2018) 1608 pp., ISBN: 9780323543842 Sanjay Mallya ebook all chapters
Download full White and Pharoah's Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation - Sanjay Mallya, Ernest Lam - 8th Edition (2018) 1608 pp., ISBN: 9780323543842 Sanjay Mallya ebook all chapters
