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Basics of C

C was originally developed in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie. It is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that uses terms closely related to algebraic expressions. C contains features that allow it to be used for both system and application programming. The character set of C includes letters, numbers, and special symbols. Key elements in C programs include identifiers, keywords, constants, variables, and operators.

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23 views14 pages

Basics of C

C was originally developed in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie. It is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that uses terms closely related to algebraic expressions. C contains features that allow it to be used for both system and application programming. The character set of C includes letters, numbers, and special symbols. Key elements in C programs include identifiers, keywords, constants, variables, and operators.

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yosexim648
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basics of ‘C’

By Shilpa Chakravorty
General Aspect of ‘C’
C was originally developed in the 1970s, by Dennis Ritchie at
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
C is a High level , general –purpose structured programming
language. Instructions of C consists of terms that are very closely
same to algebraic expressions, consisting of certain English
keywords such as if, else, for ,do and while
C contains certain additional features that allows it to be used at a
lower level , acting as bridge between machine language and the
high-level languages.
This allows C to be used for system programming as well as for
applications programming
The Character set of ‘C’
C language consist of some characters set, numbers and
some special symbols. The character set of C consist of all the
alphabets of English language. C consist of
Alphabets a to z, A to Z
Numeric 0,1 to 9
Special Symbols {,},[,],?,+,-,*,/,%,!,;,and more
The words formed from the character set are building
blocks of C and are sometimes known as tokens. These
tokens represent the individual entity of language. The
following different types of token are used in C
1) Identifiers 2)Keywords 3)Constants
4) Operators 5)Punctuation Symbols
Identifiers

• A 'C' program consist of two types of elements , user defined


and system defined. Idetifiers is nothing but a name given to
these eleme
• nts.
• An identifier is a word used by a programmer to name a
variable , function, or label.
• identifiers consist of letters and digits, in any order, except that
the first charecter or lable.
• Identifiers consist of letters and digits if any order,except that
the first charecter must be letter.
• Both Upper and lowercase letters can be used
Keywords
• Keywords are nothing but auto double int struct
system defined identifiers.
• Keywords are reserved words break else long switch
of the language.
case enum register typedef
• They have specific meaning in
the language and cannot be used
char extern return union
by the programmer as variable
or constant names
const float short unsigned
• C is case senitive, it means these
must be used as it is continue for signed void
• 32 Keywords in C Programming
default goto sizeof volatile

do if static while
Variables

• A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can
manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size and
layout of the variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored within that
memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.
• The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the underscore
character. It must begin with either a letter or an underscore. Upper and lowercase
letters are distinct because C is case-sensitive. There are following basic variable
types −
Type Description
• char Typically a single octet(one byte). This is an integer type.
• int The most natural size of integer for the machine.
• float A single-precision floating point value.
• double A double-precision floating point value.
• void Represents the absence of type.
Constants

• A constant is a value or an identifier whose value cannot be altered in


a program. For example: 1, 2.5,
• As mentioned, an identifier also can be defined as a constant. eg.
const double PI = 3.14
• Here, PI is a constant. Basically what it means is that, PI and 3.14 is
same for this program.

Integer constants
• A integer constant is a numeric constant (associated with number)
without any fractional or exponential part. There are three types of
integer constants in C programming:

• decimal constant(base 10)


• octal constant(base 8)
• hexadecimal constant(base 16)
Constants

Floating-point constants
• A floating point constant is a numeric constant that has either a
fractional form or an exponent form. For example:
2.0,0.0000234,-0.22E-5

Character constants
• A character constant is a constant which uses single quotation
around characters. For example: 'a', 'l', 'm', 'F'

String constants
• String constants are the constants which are enclosed in a pair
of double-quote marks. For example: "good" ,"x","Earth is
round\n"
Escape Sequences

Sometimes, it is necessary to use characters which cannot be typed or has special


meaning in C programming. For example: newline(enter), tab, question mark etc. In
order to use these characters, escape sequence is used.
• For example: \n is used for newline. The backslash ( \ ) causes "escape" from the
normal way the characters are interpreted by the compiler.Escape
Sequences Character
• \b Backspace
• \f Form feed
• \n Newline
• \r Return
• \t Horizontal tab
• \v Vertical tab
• \\ Backslash
• \' Single quotation mark
• \" Double quotation mark
• \? Question mark
• \0 Null character
Operators in C:An operator is a symbol which operates on a value or a
variable. For example: + is an operator to perform addition.

C programming has wide range of operators to perform various


operations. For better understanding of operators, these
operators can be classified as:
• Arithmetic Operators
• Increment and Decrement Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Conditional Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Special Operators
Arithmetic Operator

• Operator Meaning of Operator


•+ addition or unary plus
•- subtraction or unary minus
•* multiplication
•/ division
•% remainder after division( modulo division)
Increment and Decrement Operators

1. C programming has two operators increment ++


and decrement -- to change the value of an operand
(constant or variable) by 1.
2. Increment ++ increases the value by 1 whereas
decrement -- decreases the value by 1.
3. These two operators are unary operators,
meaning they only operate on a single operand.
eg. int a=10, b=100
++a = 11
--b = 99
C Assignment Operators

• An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to


a variable. The most common assignment operator is =
• Operator Example Same as
•= a=b a=b
• += a += b a = a+b
• -= a -= b a = a-b
• *= a *= b a = a*b
• /= a /= b a = a/b
• %= a %= b a = a%b
C Relational Operators
• A relational operator checks the relationship between two
operands. If the relation is true, it returns 1; if the relation is
false, it returns value 0.
• Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.
Operator Meaning of Operator Example
• == Equal to 5 == 3 returns 0
•> Greater than 5 > 3 returns 1
•< Less than 5 < 3 returns 0
• != Not equal to 5 != 3 returns 1
• >= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 3 returns 1
• <= Less than or equal to 5 <= 3 return 0

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