Hafta.
Hafta.
Hafta.
2
3
(Haberlandt et al., 2011)
4thei
Distribution of Earth’s Water
6
Photograph: Ferdinando Scianna,Village of
We live in a Kami, Bolivia, 1986
world
1.1 billion people lack safe
drinking water,
7
Why do we need
1) Use of
hydrology?
water
Spilway Hydrpower 8
Run off river plant
without pondage
Irrigation System
9
Why do we need
2) Control of Water
hydrology?
Quantitiy
Flow Regulation
Water Treatment Plants
11
Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering
12
Methods of
Hydrology
1) Measurements:
• Precipitation,
• Evaporation,
• Streamflow.
Measurements should be
performed with dense
resolution and continuously
in time since hydrological
variables change rapidly both
in space and time.
13
2) Data Processing: Databases are processed in computer environment.
(www.dhigroup.com, 2001) 14
4) Probabilistic and statistical methods: Hydrological phenomena are
affected by large number of variables. In other words, they have a random
character hence they can not be treated deterministically.
15
What is Hydrological Cycle?
16
17
Scheme of the global water cycle (www.dkrz.de, 2002)
The Main Components of Hydrological Cycle
18
19
SYSTEM CONCEPT
y(t)=f[x(t)]
20
What is a Reservoir (Basin or Watershed)?
URBANIZATION CHANGES
• Hydrological cycle,
• Radiation flux,
• Amount of precipitation,
• Amount of infiltration,
• Groundwater storage,
• Increases stromwater
flows (surface runoff), 22
WHAT HAPPENS IF ASPHALT PAVEMENT RATIO HIGH ON A
BASIN ↗
infiltration rate↘ , dry weather flows ↘,
groundwater recharge ↘, aquatic life ↘
volume of runoff ↗
storage in basin↘
flooding risk ↗,
stream velocity increases↗
suspended solids ↗
23
FUNDEMENTAL EQUATIONS of HYDROLOGY
1. CONSERVATION of MASS
(Continuity Eq., Water balance, water budget):
Water in any part of the hydrological cycle neither apeears nor
dissapears.
x-y=dS/dt
24
2. CONSERVATION of ENERGY:
Water in any part of the hydrological cycle neither apeears
nor dissapears.
HX-HY=ΔH
HX: Amount of heat that enters the system in the time interval
Δt,
HY: Amount of heat that exits the system in the time interval Δt
ΔH:The change of amount of heat in the system in the time
interval Δt
25
ARAL SEA EXAMPLE (WATER SUPPLY WITHOUT
CONSIDERING WATER BUDGET)
Located in central Asia- between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan- in 1960
Area =
68.000 km2
In 1960s the two rivers that fed the Aral Sea, were
diverted to irrigate the desert, in order to attempt to
grow rice, melons, cereals, and cotton.
26
Aral Sea Shrinking
• In 1960, the Aral Sea had been the world's fourth-largest lake, with an area of
approximately 68,000 square kilometers
• From 1960 to 1998, the sea's surface area shrank by approximately 60%, and
its volume by 80%.
27
From 1960 to
1998, the sea's
surface area
shrank by
approximately
60 %, and its
volume by 80 %.
• Over the same time period its salinity increased from about 10 g/L to about
45 g/L.
• The local climate reportedly shifted, with hotter, drier summers, and colder
longer winters.
29
• Dust storms have blown up 75.000 tons of this exposed soil has annually
dispersing its salt particles and pesticide residues.
• With decline in sea level, salty soil has remained on the exposed lake
bed.
• Crop yields have been diminished by added salinity, even in some of the
same
field irrigated with the diverted water.
30
Due to excessive salinity fishing industry has been devastated, and
former fishing towns along the original shores have become ship
graveyard.
31