Schematic of the water cycle.

(Source: US National Weather Service

 Out line

• Types of sources
• Source Selection Criteria
• Surface Water Sources
• Ground Water sources
 Types of sources

• The origin of all water is rainfall

I. Water can be collected as it falls as rain before it

reaches the ground;
II. or as surface water when it flows over the ground;
III. or is pooled in lakes or ponds;
IV. or as ground water when it percolates in to the
ground and flows
V. or collects as ground water; from the sea (ocean) in
to which it finally flows
 Classification of water sources

Surface water Rain & snow Underground

sources
1.Springs
Rivers Depression springs
Lakes Contact springs
Pond Artesian springs
Sea water Hot springs
Impounding reservoirs 2. Wells
Wastewater reclamation Shallow wells
Deep wells
Infiltration galleries
Infiltration wells
 Cont…

• Impounding reservoirs: Are artificial lakes

formed by the construction of dams across a
valley.
• Wastewater reclamation: Sewage or other
waste water may be used as source of water
for cooling, flushing water closets (WCS),
watering lawns, parks, etc. for fire fighting and
for certain industrial purposes after giving the
necessary treatment to suit the nature of the
use.
 Cont…

• Springs: Are formed when ground water

appears at the ground surface for any
reason as a current of flowing water
1. Depression (Depression Spring )

• is a spring formed when

the ground surface
intersects the water table

• When the surface of the

earth drops sharply the
water bearing stratum is
exposed to atmosphere
and gravity springs are
formed
2.Contact (Surface spring)

• is a spring created by a
water bearing formation
overlying an impervious
formation that intersects
the ground surface
• This is formed when an
impervious stratum
which is supporting the
ground water reservoir
becomes out crops
 3. Artesian spring

• is a spring that results from

the release of water under
pressure from confined
water bearing formation
through either a fault or
fissure reaching the ground
surface
• When the ground water
rises through a fissure in the
upper impervious stratum
• It is also known as fracture
spring.
 Wells

• is defined as an artificial hole or pit made in the

ground for the purpose of tapping water or bringing
ground water to the surface
• The three factors which form the basis of theory of
wells are
I. Geological conditions of the earth’s surface
II. Porosity of various layers
III. Quantity of water, which is absorbed and stored in
different layers
 Shallow wells
• Shallow wells may be large diameter hand dug wells (diameter
1-7m) and depth < 20m. Or machine drilled wells of small
diameter (diameter 8-60cm) and depth < 60m.
• Quantity of water available from shallow wells is limited as their
source of supply is uppermost layer of earth only and
sometimes may even dry up in summer
• Hence they are not suitable for public water supply schemes.
• The quality of water obtained from shallow wells is better than
the river water but requires purification
• The shallow wells should be constructed away from septic
tanks, soak pits etc. because of the contamination of effluent
• The shallow wells are used as the source of water supply for
small villages, undeveloped municipal towns, isolated buildings
etc. because of limited supply
 Deep wells
• are most large, deep, high-capacity constructed by drilling rig
• Construction can be accomplished by cable tool method or rotary method
• Drilling rigs are capable of drilling wells 8 to 60cm in diameter and depth <
600m.
• The deep wells obtain their quota of water from an aquifer below the
impervious
• The theory of deep well is based on the travel of water from the outcrop to
the site of deep well
• The outcrop is the place where aquifer is exposed to the atmosphere
• The rain water entered at outcrop and gets thoroughly purified when it
reaches to the site of deep well
• But it dissolves certain salts and therefore become hard; In such cases,
some treatment would be necessary to remove the hardness of water.
• The depth of deep well should be decided in such a way that the location of
out crop is not very near to the site of well
• The water available at a pressure greater atmospheric pressure, therefore
deep wells are also referred to as a pressure wells
Infiltration Gallery

• An infiltration gallery is a
horizontal or nearly
horizontal tunnel which is
constructed through water
bearing strata
• It is sometimes referred as
horizontal well
• Infiltration gallery may be
constructed with masonry
or concrete with weep
holes of 5cm by 10 cm
 Infiltration wells
• In order to obtain large quantity of water,
the infiltration wells are sunk in series in
the blanks of river
• The wells are closed at top and open at
bottom
• They are constructed by brick masonry
with open joints
• For the purpose of inspection of well,
the manholes are provided in the top
cover.
• The water filtrates through the bottom of
such wells and as it has to pass through
sand bed, it gets purified to some extent
• The infiltration well in turn are
connected by porous pipes to collecting
sump called jack well and their water is
pumped to purification plant for
treatment.
 Intake Structures

• The main function of the intakes works is to collect water from

the surface source and then discharge water so collected, by
means of pumps or directly to the treatment water
• Intakes are structures which essentially consists of opening,
grating or strainer through which the raw water from river,
canal or reservoir enters and carried to the sump well by
means of conducts
• water from the sump well is pumped through the rising mains
to the treatment plant
Points to be considered while selecting site intake site

I. Where the best quality of water available so that water is purified

economically in less time;
II. At site there should not be heavy current of water, which may damage
the intake structure;
III. The intake can draw sufficient quantity of water even in the worst
condition, when the discharge of the source is minimum;
IV. The site of the work should be easily approachable without any
obstruction;
V. The site should not be located in navigation channels;
VI. As per as possible the intake should be near the treatment plant so
that conveyance cost is reduced from source to the water works;
VII. As per as possible the intake should not be located in the vicinity of the
point of sewage disposal for avoiding the pollution of water
VIII. At the site sufficient quantity should be available for the future
expansion of the water-works
 Types of Intake structures

• Depending upon the source of water the

intake works are classified as following

intake

Impounding
River Lake Channel Reservoir
1. LAKE INTAKE

• For obtaining water from lakes mostly

submersible intakes are used
• These intakes are constructed in the
bed of the lake below the water level; so
as to draw water in dry season also
• These intakes have so many
advantages such as no obstruction to
the navigation, no danger from the
floating bodies and no trouble due to ice
• As these intakes draw small quantity of
water, these are not used in big water
supply schemes or on rivers or
reservoirs; the main reason being that
they are not easily approachable for
maintenance.
 2. RIVER INTAKE

• Water from the rivers is

always drawn from the
upstream side, because it is
free from the contamination
caused by the disposal of
sewage in it
• It is circular masonry tower of
4 to 7 m in diameter
constructed along the bank of
the river at such place from
where required quantity of
water can be obtained even
in the dry period
• The water enters in the lower
portion of the intake known as
sump well from penstocks
 3. RESERVOIR INTAKE

• It consists of an intake well, which is placed

near the dam and connected to the top of dam
by foot bridge
• The intake pipes are located at different levels
with common vertical pipe
• The valves of intake pipes are operated from
the top and they are installed in a valve room
• Each intake pipe is provided with bell mouth
entry with perforations of fine screen on its
surface
• The outlet pipe is taken out through the body of
dam
• The outlet pipe should be suitably supported
• The location of intake pipes at different levels
ensures supply of water from a level lower than
the surface level of water
• When the valve of an intake pipe is opened the
water is drawn off from the reservoir to the
outlet pipe through the common vertical pipe
 4. CANAL INTAKE

• A intake chamber is constructed in the

canal section
• This results in the reduction of water way
which increases the velocity of flow
• It therefore becomes necessary to
provide pitching on the downstream and
upstream portion of canal intake
• The entry of water in the intake chamber
takes through coarse screen and the top
of outlet pipe is provided with fine screen
• The inlet to outlet pipe is of bell-mouth
shape with perforations of the fine
screen on its surface
• The outlet valve is operated from the top
and it controls the entry of water into the
outlet pipe from where it is taken to the
treatment plant
 Water Sources Selection Criteria
• The choice of water supply to a town or city depends on the
following
I. Location: The sources of water should be as near as to the
town as possible.
II. Quantity of water: the source of water should have sufficient
quantity of water to meet up all the water demand through out
the design period
III. Quality of water: The quality of water should be good so that
it can be treated easily with affordable cost.
IV. Cost: the initial cost, operation and maintenance cost of the
water supply scheme have to be to the affordable level the
community
• When there are many alternative water sources, in addition to
the above criterion the source which demand list cost has
priority for selection
Thank you
!