Chapter 7:

OSPF
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE (CCNA)
TRAINING
Agenda

OSPF Concepts
OSPF Implementation
Troubleshooting OSPF
OSPF DR and BDR Elections

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OSPF Concepts

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OSPF Concepts

The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol, defined in RFC 2328
An Interior Gateway Protocol used to distribute routing information within a single
Autonomous System
Consists of areas and autonomous systems
Supports VLSM/CIDR
A high functionality non-proprietary Internal Gateway Protocol (IGP) for the TCP/IP protocol
family
Allows multi-vendor deployment (open standard)

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OSPF Header

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 OSPF Hierarchical Routing

Consists of areas and autonomous systems

Minimizes routing update traffic
Supports VLSM
Unlimited hop count

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Types of OSPF Routers

Area 1 Backbone Area 0 Area 2

ABR and
Backbone Backbone/
Router Internal
Internal Routers
Routers

Internal
Routers
ASBR and ABR and
Backbone Backbone
Router •External Router
ABR: Area Border Router
AS
ASBR: Autonomous System Border Router

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OSPF Terminology

Link
◦ A network or router interface assigned to any given network
◦ When an interface is added to the OSPF process, it’s considered by OSPF to be a link

Router ID
◦ An IP address used to identify the router
◦ Cisco chooses the Router ID by using the highest IP address of all configured loopback interfaces
◦ If no loopback interfaces are configured with addresses, OSPF will choose the highest IP address of all
active physical interfaces

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OSPF Terminology

Neighbor
◦ two or more routers that have an interface on a common network, such as two routers connected on
a point-to-point serial link

Adjacency
◦ a relationship between two OSPF routers that permits the direct exchange of route updates

Hello Protocol
◦ Provides dynamic neighbor discovery and maintains neighbor relationships
◦ Hello packets and Link State Advertisements (LSAs) build and maintain the topological database
◦ Hello packets are addressed to 224.0.0.5

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OSPF Terminology

Neighborship Database
◦ A list of all OSPF routers for which Hello packets have been seen
◦ A variety of details, including the Router ID and state, are maintained on each router in the
neighborship database

Topological Database
◦ Contains information from all of the Link State Advertisement packets that have been received for an
area
◦ The router uses the information from the topology database as input into the Dijkstra algorithm that
computes the shortest path to every network

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OSPF Terminology

Link State Advertisement (LSA)

◦ An OSPF data packet containing link-state and routing information that’s shared among OSPF routers

Designated Router (DR)

◦ Elected whenever OSPF routers are connected to the same Broadcast multi-access network (BMA)

Backup Designated Router (BDR)

◦ A hot standby for the DR on multi-access links (remember that Cisco sometimes likes to call these
“broadcast” networks)
◦ The BDR receives all routing updates from OSPF adjacent routers but doesn’t flood LSA updates

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OSPF Terminology

OSPF areas
◦ A grouping of contiguous networks and routers
◦ All routers in the same area share a common Area ID
◦ The Area ID is associated with specific interfaces on the router
◦ All of the routers within the same area have the same topology table

Broadcast (multi-access) Networks

◦ Such as Ethernet allow multiple devices to connect to (or access) the same network as well as provide
a broadcast ability in which a single packet is delivered to all nodes on the network
◦ In OSPF, a DR and a BDR must be elected for each broadcast multi-access network

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OSPF Terminology

Non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA) networks

◦ Types such as Frame Relay, X.25, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Point-to-point
◦ Refers to a type of network topology consisting of a direct connection between two routers that
provides a single communication path

Point-to-multipoint
◦ Type of network topology consisting of a series of connections between a single interface on one
router and multiple destination routers

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 SPF Tree Calculation

Within an area, each router calculates the best/shortest path to every network in that same area
Using Shortest Path First Algorithm
Places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the shortest path to each destination based on
the cumulative cost
Cost = 108/bandwidth (bps)

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OSPF Implementation

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 OSPF Configuration

Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol

RouterX(config)#router ospf process-id
Assigns networks to a specific OSPF area
RouterX(config-router)#network address wilcard-mask area area-id

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Configuring Wildcards

If you want to advertise a partial octet (subnet), you need to use wildcards.
◦ 0.0.0.0 means all octets match exactly
◦ 0.0.0.255 means that the first three match exactly, but the last octet can be any value

After that, you must remember your block sizes….

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Wildcard Example

192.168.10.8/30 = 0.0.0.3
192.168.10.48/28 = 0.0.0.15
192.168.10.96/27 = 0.0.0.31
192.168.10.128/26 = 0.0.0.63

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OSPF Router ID

Configuring Loopback Interfaces

 Router ID:
 Number by which the router is known to OSPF
 Default: The highest IP address on an active interface at the moment of OSPF process startup
 Can be overridden by a loopback interface: Highest IP address of any active loopback interface

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OSPF Router ID

Configuring Loopback Interfaces

Router (config)#interface loopback 0

Router (config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.255
Configuring Router ID

Router (config)#router ospf 100

Router (config-router)#router-id 192.168.1.1

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OSPF Load Balancing

OSPF supports multiple path to a destination

◦ By default, OSPF has a maximum path variable of 4, meaning that OSPF will install 4 routes into the
routing table with the same metric/destination to load balance over
◦ To configure the maximum paths variable you’d use the (config-router)# maximum-paths
<value> command in router configuration mode

Path cost must be equal

◦ (config-if)# ip ospf cost <value>

Load Balancing = sending traffic over all path to a single destionation

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OSPF Load Balancing

OSPF Load Balancing Configuration Example

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Configuring Multi-Area OSPF Example

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Alternate Multi-Area OSPF
Configuration

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Verifying OSPF: show ip route ospf

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Troubleshooting OSPF

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Troubleshooting OSPF

Router#show ip protocols

• Verifies that OSPF is configured

Router#show ip route

• Displays all the routes learned by the router

Router#show ip ospf interface

• Displays area-ID and adjacency information

Router#show ip ospf neighbor

• Displays OSPF-neighbor information on a per-interface basis

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Troubleshooting OSPF
OSPF debug commands

Router#debug ip ospf events

OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0

hello interval received 10 configured 10
net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0
dead interval received 40 configured 30
Router# debug ip ospf packet

OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117

aid:0.0.0.0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk:

Router#debug ip ospf packet

OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116

aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0

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OSPF DR and BDR Elections

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OSPF DR and BDR Elections

OSPF elects one router to be a designated router (DR) and one router to be a backup
designated router (BDR) on each multi-access segment
◦ The BDR is elected as a backup router in case the DR goes down

DR and BDR election is accomplished via the Hello protocol

◦ Hello packets are exchanged via IP multicast packets on each segment
◦ Only segments that are broadcast and non-broadcast multi-access networks (such as Ethernet and
Frame Relay) will perform DR and BDR elections

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OSPF DR and BDR Elections

On a broadcast or non-broadcast multi-access network, the router with the highest OSPF
priority on a segment will become the DR for that segment
◦ This priority is shown with the show ip ospf interface command, which is set to 1 by
default

If all routers have the default priority set, the router with the highest Router ID (RID) will win
◦ RID is determined by the highest IP address on any interface at the moment of OSPF startup
◦ This can be overridden with a loopback (logical) interface
◦ If you set a router’s interface to a priority value of zero, that router won’t participate in the DR or BDR
election on that interface

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OSPF DR and BDR Elections

The reason you want to configure a loopback interface on a router is because if you don’t, the
highest IP address on a router will become that router’s RID
◦ The RID is used to advertise the routes as well as elect the DR and BDR

OSPF Interface Priorities

Router#config t
Router (config)#interface Fast Ethernet 0/0
Router (config-if)#ip ospf priority 100

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OSPF DR and BDR Elections

Quiz 1#
◦ What options can you configure that will ensure that R2 will be the DR of the LAN segment?

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OSPF DR and BDR Elections

Answer Quiz 1#
◦ Configure the priority value of the Fa0/0 interface of the R2 router to a higher value than any other
interface on the Ethernet network
◦ Configure a loopback interface on the R2 with an IP address higher than any IP address on the other
routers
◦ Change the priority value of the Fa0/0 interface of R1 and R3 to zero

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