Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
vs.
INDUCTIVE
REASONING
Math 8 _ Week 9
• Logic – The science of correct
reasoning.
• Reasoning – The drawing of
inferences or conclusions from
known or assumed facts.
Problem When solving a problem, one
Solving must understand the question,
gather all pertinent facts,
analyze the problem i.e.
compare with previous
problems (note similarities and
differences), perhaps use
pictures or formulas to solve
the problem.
Deductive Reasoning
• Deductive Reasoning – A type of
logic in which one goes from a general
statement to a specific instance.
• The classic example
All men are mortal. (major premise)
Socrates is a man. (minor premise)
Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion)
The above is an example of a
syllogism.
Deductive Reasoning
• Syllogism: An argument
composed of two statements
or premises (the major and
minor premises), followed by a
conclusion.
• For any given set of premises,
if the conclusion is guaranteed,
the arguments is said to be
valid.
• If the conclusion is not
guaranteed (at least one
instance in which the
conclusion does not follow),
the argument is said to be
invalid.
• BE CARFEUL, DO NOT
CONFUSE TRUTH WITH
VALIDITY!
Deductive Reasoning
Examples:
1. All students eat pizza.
Claire is a student at Taytay IS.
Therefore, Claire eats pizza.
U A
U
A B
Venn Diagrams
This is an example of some A are B.
(At least one A is B.)
VALID OR INVALID???
Example
Valid argument; x is Cheshire
Cat
Smiling cats
Things
that talk
x
Examples
VALID OR INVALID?????
Examples