A Level PPT 2

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2 On the move

CONTENTS

1 Speed and velocity 4 Free fall

2 Acceleration 5 Motion graphs

Motion along a straight line at More calculations on motion along


3 constant acceleration
6 a straight line
2.1 Speed and velocity
 distance

• Distance is the actual path length that is taken


• No direction
 Displacement

• Displacement is distance in a given direction, or the change in position


“Distance” is how far you have travelled, “displacement” is
how far you are from a point and can be positive or negative
 Speed

• distance÷time=Speed

• Speed is defined as change of


distance per unit time.
 Motion at constant speed
 Motion at changing speed

For an object moving at changing speed


that travels a distance s in time t :

• average speed v = s/t.


And is taken for longer time intervals

• Instantaneous speed v = Δs / Δt.


When this is a very small time interval
Gradient for Speed

DISTANCE
100 km ÷ 2 hr = 50 km/h

100 km
2 hr

TIME

• Candidates should be able to calculate


the gradient / slope of a distance-time
graph.
Distance–time graphs

• On a distance-time graph :
• Stationary objects are represented Stationary

by horizontal lines

Distance (m)
• Objects moving with a steady speed
Faster Constant
are represented by sloping straight Speed
lines.
• The steeper the slope of the graph,
the greater the speed it represents. Constant
ConstantSpeed
Speed
Stationary
• If an object moves in a straight line, Time
how far it is from a certain point can
be represented by a distance-time
graph.
Distance–time graphs

DISTANCE

TIME TIME TIME

Distance = Speed x Time


d = s x t
24 km = 6 km/h x 4 hours
 Velocity

• Displacement ÷time=Velocity

• Velocity is defined as change of


displacement per unit time.
• In other words, velocity is speed
in a given direction.
 Speed VS Velocity

Speed: Constant
Velocity : Constant
Direction: Constant

Speed: Constant
Velocity : Changing
Direction: Changing

• The velocity of an object is its speed in a


given direction.
 Speed VS Velocity
Displacement–time graphs

VELOCITY

TIME TIME TIME

• Velocity-time graphs can represent the motion


of a body.
• Constant velocity it is represented by a
horizontal line.
Area for Distance

6 m/s 6 m/s

VELOCITY
VELOCITY

30m
15m
5 sec 5 sec

• The area under a velocity-time graph


represents distance travelled.
2.2 Acceleration

Velocity is defined as
change of displacement per
unit time

Acceleration is defined as
change of velocity per unit
time.
Acceleration

VELOCITY
Velocity Change

Time

TIME

• The acceleration of an object is the rate at which


its velocity changes.

• For objects moving in a straight line with a steady


acceleration, the acceleration, the change in
velocity and the time taken for the change are
related as shown:
Velocity Change = Acceleration x Time

v-u = a x t

10 m/s = 2 m/s2 x 5 seconds


Gradient for Acceleration

VELOCITY

60 m/s ÷ 20 sec = 3 m/s2

60 m/s
20 sec

TIME

• Candidates should be able to calculate:


• The gradient of a velocity-time graph
and interpret this as acceleration.
Velocity–time graphs

VELOCITY

TIME TIME TIME

• Velocity-time graphs can represent the motion of a body.


• The steeper the slope of the graph, the greater the
acceleration it represents
• Constant acceleration it is represent by a straight sloping
line..
 Velocity vs Acceleration

Stop Constant Velocity

Velocity (m/s)
Distance (m)

Faster Constant Velocity Greater Acceleration

Constant Velocity Acceleration


Stop

Time Time
 Uniform acceleration

VELOCITY TIME TIME

• Uniform acceleration is where the velocity of an object


moving along a straight line changes at a constant
rate. In other words, the acceleration is constant.
 Uniform acceleration

VELOCITY
v
v-u
t
u

TIME
 Non-uniform acceleration
2.3 Motion along a straight line at constant acceleration
 The dynamics equations for constant acceleration
VELOCITY
v
v-u
t
u

TIME
 The dynamics equations for constant acceleration
VELOCITY
v combining Equations 1 and 2
to eliminate t :
v-u
t
u

TIME
没想到吧
 Using a velocity–time graph to find the
displacement

• The area under a velocity-time graph represents distance


travelled.
 Using a velocity–time graph to find the
displacement
2.4 Free fall

An object that falls to the


ground with no forces
acting on it except gravity
is said to be in free fall.
 Experimental tests
Does a heavy object fall faster than a lighter
object?
 Experimental tests
Does a heavy object fall faster than a lighter
object?
 Experimental tests
 The inclined plane test

if a falling object speeds up as it falls


• He measured how long the ball took to travel equal
distances down the slope from rest.
• His measurements showed that the ball gained speed as
it travelled down the slope.
 Acceleration due to gravity

One way to investigate


the free fall of a ball is to
make a multiflash photo
or video clip of the ball’s
flight as it falls after being
released from rest.
 Acceleration due to gravity
• Because there are no external forces acting on the object apart
from the force of gravity, this value of acceleration is known as
the acceleration of free fall and is represented by the symbol g.
• Accurate measurements give a value of 9.8m/s^2 near the
Earth's surface.
• The equations can also be applied to situations where objects
are thrown vertically upwards. As a general rule, apply the
direction code + for upwards and – for downwards when values
are inserted into the suvat equations.
 Measuring g

Use an electronic timer or


motion sensor to make
your own measurements
of s and t. Repeat your
measurements to obtain
an average timing for
each measured distance
and plot a suitable graph
to find g.
2.5 Motion graphs
2.6 More calculations on motion along a
straight line

 Two-stage problems
 Vertical projection

its displacement, y,
and velocity, v, after
time t are given
by :
 Horizontal projection
 Horizontal projection

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