INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY

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COURSE NAME: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENT-II
COURSE CODE:

1
 OUTLINES:
Chapter two
1. Introduction

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2. Classification of gears
3. Gear geometry
4. Force Analysis of Spur gear
5. Complete Design of Spur gear

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Machine is defined as in two ways
1. An apparatus consisting of interrelated units, or
2. A device that modifies force or motion.
The interrelated parts referred to in the definition are also sometimes called machine
elements. Machine create motion and developed forces. It is the task of engineer’s task to
define and calculate those motions, forces and changes in energy in order to determine the
sizes, shapes, and materials needed for each of interrelated parts in the machine.

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This s is the essence of machine element design.
 We are briefly discuss concerning about design of machine element in this chapter.

MECHANICAL DRIVES

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There are machine elements which are used to drive motion and power from a source to
the surrounding. Those drives can be classified as:
1. Drives that transmit power by means of friction: eg: belt drives and rope drives.
2. Drives that transmit power by means of engagement: eg: chain drives and gear drives.
However, the selection of a proper mechanical drive for a given application depends
upon number of factors such as Centre distance, velocity ratio, shifting arrangement,
Maintenance and cost.

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 Gears
Gears are toothed wheels which transmit motion and power between rotating shafts by means
of successively engaging teeth. They give a constant velocity ratio.
Classification of gears
1. Spur gear
2. Helical gear

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3. Bevel gear and
4. Worm gear

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4
Fig. 1
 1. Spur gear
Spur gears are used to transmit rotary motion between parallel shafts. They are cylindrical,
and the teeth are straight and parallel to the axis of rotation.
The pinion is the smaller of two mating gears; the larger is called the gear or the wheel.

[Features]
o Easy to manufacture

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o There will no be axial force
o Relatively easy to produce high quality gears

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 1. Basic gear Terminology

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Dedendum circle or Root circle or Bottom circle is an imaginary circle
which passes through the bottom point of the teeth.

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Pitch Circle— Theoretical circle upon which all gear calculations are usually based.

Pitch circles of mating gears are tangent to one another

Addendum— The amount of tooth that protrudes above the pitch circle (from top

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land to pitch circle)

Dedendum— The amount of tooth below the pitch circle to the bottom land

Whole Depth— addendum + dedendum

Circular Pitch— a distance measured on the pitch circle form a point on tooth to a

corresponding point on an adjacent tooth; it is equal to the sum of the tooth

thickness and the width of space.

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Diametral Pitch— is the ratio of the number of teeth on the gear to
the pitch diameter, the module is the reciprocal of the diametral
pitch
P= Z/D , where Z = # of gear teeth, D= pitch diameter
m = D/Z = 1/P (module is usually in millimeters)

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Clearance— the amount by which the dedendum in a given gear
exceeds the addendum of a mating gear
Backlash— The amount by which the width of a tooth space
exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth, measured on the pitch
circle
Line of action is a line normal to a pair of mating tooth profiles at
their point of contact.
Pressure Angle (PA) is the angle between the line of action and the
common tangent to the pitch circle.
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Pitch point is the point of tangency of the pitch circle.
Circular pitch is (P) is the distance between two consecutive wheels . Circular pitch is
common for both teeth.
PD/Z
𝐷𝑔 𝑍𝑔
that ---------1.1 =
𝐷𝑝 𝑍𝑝

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Fundamental Law of Gearing
The angular velocity ratio between the gears in a gear-set must remain constant
throughout the gear mesh
------------------(1.2)
vpis called the pitch line velocity
Rewritten eq. 1.2 as

implies that ------1.3

Equating eqns. 1.1 &1.3

= ------- Fundamental Law of gear

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10

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Fig.3.1 Standard tooth systems
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Standard Modules
Standard modules taken from ISO/R54 are:
Preferred 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50 12
Second choice 1.125, 1.375, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 22, 28,
36,45
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 SPUR GEAR – TOOTH FORCE ANALYSIS

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As shown in Fig.3.2, the normal force F can be resolved into two components; a tangential
force Ft which does transmit the power and radial component Fr which does no work but 13
tends to push the gears apart. They can hence be written as,
 Ft= F cos Ø (3. 1)
Fr= F sin Ø (3.2)
From eqn. (3.2)
Fr= Fttan Ø (3.3)
The pitch line velocity V, in meters per second, and power in Kw are given as

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V=πdn/60000 3.4
3.5
where d is the pitch diameter of the gear in millimeters and n is the rotating speed in
rpm and P is power in kW
Spur gear - tooth stresses
 The highest stress occurs at two locations:
A. At contact point where the force F acts
B. At the fillet region near the base of the tooth.

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SPUR GEAR - LEWIS EQUATION FOR TOOTH BENDING STRESS

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Lewis considered gear tooth as a cantilever beam with static normal force F applied at
the tip.
Assumptions made in the derivation are:
1. The full load is applied to the tip of a single tooth in static condition.
2. The radial component is negligible.
3. The load is distributed uniformly across the full face width.
4. Forces due to tooth sliding friction are negligible.
5. Stress concentration in the tooth fillet is negligible.
The Fig. 3.3 shows clearly that the gear tooth is stronger through out than the
inscribed constant strength parabola, except for the section at ‘a’ where parabola
and tooth profile are tangential to each other.
 At point ‘a’, bending stress is
Active moment: .h
Resistive moment=
Where z=section modulus= I/y where y=t/2and I is moment of inertia of force

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by the teeth, I =b/12
Z= =/6
Active moment = Reactive moment

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.h= , implies =x = x where y= - dimensionless quantity is called a Lewis factor,
values for which are
y= 0.124-0.684/z for involute profile
y=0.154-0.912/z for involute profile
y=0.175-0.95/z for stub teeth

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=.b..y
Whereis stress developed in the fillet section of the teeth, = circular pitch, b=face
width and t=thickness of the teeth.
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=. b. .y
=. b. .y = =.km. .y =k y ,
= is force equation for a spur gear drive if the diameter is known.
where b=km, k is constant and its value is in a range o f 9.5 <= k<=12.5

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Where is endurance strength read from the data book,
= for v < 10 m/s
= for 10<v<20m/s
= if v> 20m/s , where v is pitch line velocity

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If the pitch diameter is unknown,
= 2/D, where is twisting moment
=== hence D=m.z
=is Torque equation
Base Design on Weaker Gear

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The amount of force that can be transmitted to a gear tooth is a function of
.y product shown by the Lewis equation. For two mating gears, the weaker will have
the smaller .y value. When two mating gears are to be made of the same material, the
smaller gear (pinion) will be the weaker and control design.
Design procedure for a spur gear drive
1. Identify the weakest wheel or design basis
2. Identify the design equation – Force or Torque
3. Evaluate module (m) of the gears.

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 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑑… …
4. Specify the tooth dimensions as per the gear the AGMA’s (American Gear
manufacturing Association) recommendations
The minimum number of teeth on the gear=16
b=km , the value of k can be determined by the trail and error method.
D=m.z
Apply law of gear drive to determine the unknowns

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=

Example problem
1. A 30 kw power motor running at 900 rpm derives a fan through a pair of spur gears
with a speed of reduction ratio of 6.25: 1 . Material for the pinion is cast steel, 0.2%
c untreated and the material for the gear is cast iron grade 35. Design a spur gear
drive based on Lewis strength equation.

Solution:
Given: = 900rpm, =6.25:1

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=138.3 N/mm2 Step 1: Identify the design basis based on the

= 56.4 N/mm2 strength factor

.= 138.3x0.1156= 15.98 N/mm2

 Assume 20 Stub teeth involute the Lewis factor .= 56.4x0.1655= 9.33 N/mm2

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is given by Hence 9.33 < 15.98 , so Gear is weak (design basis)

y=0.175-0.95/z

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Take =16 (minimum number of teeth)

from the velocity ratio, we have

== =implies

that =100

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=0.175-0.95/16=01156

=0.175-0.95/100 = 0.1655 20
If the center distance is unknown
m3cv
=
V= is pitch line velocity
P= T=30kw = =
Ft=Ftp=Ft g
=

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Ftp=Ft g are tangential force of pinion & gear
P= T=.rg resp.
From == =6.25, implies Ng=144 rpm

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. =60,000x P

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Mt-g===1989 N.m=1989x103
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m3cv
 Design of gear

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So our module is 7 mm because 124.17 is exact value of answer.
 Dimensions of the spur gear drive

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Items Pinion (p) Gear (p)
Module m 7 mm 7 mm
Pitch circle diameter (D) 112 mm 700 mm
No. of teeth (z) 16 100 mm
Face width (b) 77 mm 77 mm
Addendum (a) 7 mm 7 mm
Dedendum (d) 8.75 mm 8.75 mm
Toot thickness 11 11

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Working depth (h) 14 mm 14 mm
Clearance (c) 1.25 mm 1.25 mm

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DYNAMIC TOOTH LOADS
Dynamic Tooth Loads- Buckingham Equation.
Dynamic tooth load can be caused by:
 In accuracies in tooth profiles
 In accuracies in tooth spacing
 Misalignment between bearings
 Tooth deflection under load
dynamic load (Fd) is recommended by the AGMA
Fd= Ft +FI
FI= incremental load (N), its empirical formula is given by
FI= where Fd= dynamic load, N ; V=pitch line velocity, m/s; b=face width; F t=tangential force; C= constant, N/m, which is depend on the

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tooth form, material, and the degree of the accuracy with which the tooth is cut.
WEAR TOOTH LOADS
Wear tooth loads-Buckingham equation. To insure the durability or endurance of a gear pair, the tooth profiles must not have excessive
contact stress as determined by the wear load F w.
Fw=DpbKQ
Where Dp=pitch diameter of smaller gear (pinion), m; b=face width; K=stress factor for fatigue, N/m 2; Q= 2Zg/(Zp + Zg); Zp=number of teeth
on pinion and Zg= number of teeth on gear; and
K= stress concentration factor=

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=endurance limit of a gear pair, N/m2; Ep=modulus of elasticity of the pinion material, N/m2;
Eg=modulus of elasticity of the gear; = pressure angle.
The surface endurance limit may be estimated from
=(2.75(BHN)-70) MN/m2
Where BHN may be approximated by the average brinell hardness number of the gear and
pinion up to a BHN of about 350 for steels.
Endurance strength

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Fes=.b.P.y
=endurance stress of a gear pair material (N/mm2)
b= face width (mm)

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p= circular pitch y= Lewis form factor depends upon the tooth profiles
Fes-p=endurance load on the pinion=(.b.P.yp
Fes-g=endurance load on the pinion=(-p).b.P.yg

Condition for long life given by AGMA

Fes-pFd

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Fes-gFd
Fw
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Example problems
1. A pair of spur gears having 20o involute profile is to transmit 12kw at 300 rpm of
the pion. The speed reduction ratio from pinion to gear 3:1. The gear is made up of
cast iron (35) and pinion is cast steel 0.2% carbon, heat treated. Assume the
number of teeth on pinion is 16 and face width is 12 times the module. Take
y=0.154-0.912/z. Specify the dimensions based on strength and verify dynamic,

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endurance and wear load?
2. Determine proper module, number of teeth and face width for a pair of spur gears
is to transmit 10 kw power by using the Lewis strength equation for the following.
Speed of the pinion=1000rpm

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Speed of the gear = 250 rpm
Material for the gear= (==138.3 N/mm2)
Center distance=250 mm
Tooth form=20o stub

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Assignments-5%
1) A pair of mating spur gears have 14.5o full depth teeth of 10 module . The pitch
diameter of the smaller gear is 160 mm. If the transmission ratio is 3 to 2, calculate:
a) number of teeth for each gear, b) addendum, c) whole depth, d) clearance, e0

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outside diameters, f) root diameter, g) dedendum, h) base circle diameter, i) cheek
for interference.

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2) A bronze spur pinion (=83 MN/m2) rotating at 600 rev/min drives a cast steel spur
gear (=103 MN/m2) at a transmission ratio of 4 to 1. The pinion has 16 standard
20o full depth involute teeth of 8 module. The face width of both gears is 90 mm.
How much power can be transmitted from the stand point of strength?

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HELICAL GEARS
Teeth are cut in the form of a helix on their pitch cylinders instead of parallel to the axis
of rotation. Helical gears may be used to connect either parallel or non-parallel shafts.
The helixes may be right handed on one gear and left handed on the other. The pitch
surfaces are cylindrical as in spur gearing, but the
teeth instead of being parallel to the axis, wind around the cylinders helically like screw
threads. The teeth of helical gears with parallel axis have line contacts as in spur gearing.

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This provides gradual engagement and continuous contact of the engaging teeth. Hence
helical gears give smooth drive with high efficiency of transmission
CLASSIFICATION OF HELICAL GEARS

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1. Single helical
2. double helical

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In case of single helical type there is some axial thrust between the teeth which is a
disadvantage. In order to eliminate this axial trust double helical gears (i.e., herningbone
gears) are used. It is equivalent to two single helical gears, In which equal and opposite
thrusts are provided on each gear and the resulting axial thrust is zero.

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Terms used:
Helix angle: It is constant angle made by the helices with the axis of rotation

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Axial pitch: It is the distance parallel to the axis between similar faces of adjacent
teeth. It is same as circular pitch and is therefore denoted by PC.
Normal pitch: It is the distance between similar faces of adjacent teeth along a helix
on the pitch cylinders normal to the teeth. It is denoted by PN. 29
PN = PCcos

mN= mcos

where, N = Normal pressure angle, = Transversal Pr. Angle, m N is normal module, m is actual or axial
module, and is helix angle
The pitch diameter (D) of the helical gear is:
D= Z m = Z mN/ cos , Z is actual teeth along diametral plane
Face width: In order to have more than one pair of teeth in contact, the tooth displacement (i.e., the
advancement of one end of tooth over the other end) or over lap should be at least equal to the axial
pitch such that, over lap PC =b tan-------(i) The normal tooth load (F N) has two components, one is

tangential component (Ft) and the other axial component (FA) as shown in fig
The axial or end thrust is given by
FA = FN sin = Ft tan --------(ii)
From the above equation (i), we see that as the helix angle increases then the tooth over lop increases.
But at the same time the end thrust as given by the equation (ii) also increases which is not desirable. It
is usually recommended that the over lop should be 15% of the circular pitch. Over lop = b tan = 1.11 P C
 Hawassa university, Institute of Tec 10/17/2013
31

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The axial pitch (pa) is:
pa = p / tan
For axial overlap of adjacent teeth, b ≥ pa
In practice b(1.15 ~2) p is used.
The relation between normal and transverse pressure
angles is
tan ØN= tan Ø .cos
Proportion of Helical Gears:
AGMA Recommendations. Minimum total depth
Pressure angle in the plane of rotation = 15° = 1.8 m (maximum)
to 25° Minimum clearance
Helix angle, = 20 = 0.2 m
- 45° Thickness of tooth
Addendum = = 1.5708 m
0.8 m (maximum)
Dedendum =
1.0 m
Formative or equivalent number of teeth for helical gear:
The formative or equivalent number of teeth for a helical gear may be defined as the number of teeth
that can be generated on the surface of a cylinder having a radius equal to the radius of curvature at a
point at the tip of the minor axis of an ellipse obtained by taking a section of the gear in the normal
plane.
Mathematically, formative or equivalent number of teeth an a helical gear
ZE = Z / cos3.
Z = Actual number of teeth on a helical gear and
= helix angle.

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Re=D/2cos2
De=D/cos2
mN=mcos
De/Ze=
Ze=

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Ze= if
y=Lewis factor= 0.175-0.95/Zefor n=20o stub
Where Ze =virtual teeth on normal plane, Re=elliptical or equivalent teeth 33
 Forces in a Helical Gear Mesh
 The point of action of forces is assumed to be at the middle of the tooth.
 Forces acting on the tooth are shown in the figure below.
 The transmitted load is found from the input torque same as in spur gears.
From trigonometry, the radial force Fr and axial force Fa can be found from the transmitted
load (tangential force) as:
Fb= Fncos(2.1)

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Fr = Fn sin (2.2)

The tangential component, Fb, can be further resolved into

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subcomponent, Ft , and axial thrust, Subcomponent, Fa.

Ft = Fbcosβ (2.3)

Fa= Fb sinβ (2.4)

Substituting and manipulating the above equations result in:

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Fa= Ft tanβ (2.5)

Fr= 34
This is the component of Helical gear force when the pressure
angle is measured in a plane normal to tooth
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The vector sum Ft and Fa is labeled Fb; the subscript b being chosen because Fb is the bending
force on the helical tooth (just as Ft is bending force on the spur tooth).
The force component associated with when pressure angle is measured in the plane
perpendicular to the axis of the gear

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Fr = Ft t (2.7)
Fa = Ft t (2.8)
Combining equations 2.6 &2.7 35
= tan (2.9)
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Fig.2 direction of forces acting on helical gear mesh

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STRENGTH OF HELICAL GEARS
In helical gears, the contact between mating teeth is gradual, starting at one end and
moving along the teeth so that at any instant the line of contact runs diagonally across the
teeth. Therefore, in order to find the strength of helical gear, a modified Lewis equation is
used.
It is given by, FT = o. CV bm y’ .

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Where
(i) FT = o,CV, b, m, as usual , with same meanings
And
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y’ = Tooth from factor or Lewis factor corresponding to the FORMATIVE OR VIRTUAL OR
EQUIVALENT NUMBER OF TEETH
FT = oCVbm y

Ft= .Cv. KmN.

m2Ny= is called a force equation is used if the center distance between the
two wheels is known.
Where y is Lewis form factor depends on tooth profile and virtual teeth on
normal plane.

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m3N= is called torque equation is used if the center distance is not known.
 Dynamic load, Fd
Fd= Ft +Fi

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F d= F t +
 Wear load, Fw
F w= F d
 Endurance strength

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Fen1=.b.p.y1& Fen2=.b.p.y2
Where b is face width, C= deformation factor
V =pitch line velocity 37
Bevel gears
Bevel gears transmit power between two intersecting shafts at any angle or between non-
intersecting shafts. They are classified as straight and spiral tooth bevel and hypoid gears
as in Fig.3.1

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Fig. 3.1 (a) Bevel gear, (b) Straight bevel gear, (c) Spiral bevel gear (d) Hypoid gear 38
 GEOMETRY AND TERMINOLOGY
When intersecting shafts are connected by gears, the pitch cones (analogous to the pitch
cylinders of spur and helical gears) are tangent along an element, with their apexes at the
intersection of the shafts as in Fig.3.2 where two bevel gears are in mesh

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 = pitch cone angle of the pinion

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Fig.3.2 bevel gears in mesh

The size and shape of the teeth are defined at the large end, where they intersect the back
cones. Pitch cone and back cone elements are perpendicular to each other. tooth profiles 39
resemble those of spur gears having pitch radii equal to the developed back cone radii r bg
and rbp and are shown in Fig. 3.3. which explains the nomenclatures of a bevel gear.
===

Solve &

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=

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L= +

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As per AGMA
b=km, where m is module measured along the large end of the teeth
K= constant
6 k 10 40
The Formative or Equivalent number of teeth
ze, for bevel gear is the number of teeth, having the same pitch as the actual gear, that could
be cut on a gear having a pitch radius equal to the radius of back cone.
P= circular pitch of both an imaginary spur gears and bevel gears.
P=Pe

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=
==
=
is value of pitch cone angle

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is back cone radius
r is pitch cone radius
=
yp is lewis form factor for pinion
yp=0.154- for 20o involute
=, and =,
and are the number of teeth on the pinion and gear resp.

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It is a practice to characterize the size and shape of bevel gear teeth as those of an imaginary
spur gear appearing on the developed back cone corresponding to Tredgold’s approximation.
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 FORCE ANALYSIS

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42

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Separating force Fr=Ft tan(
Where is the pressure angle. The force can be resolved into two components;
The force component along the shaft axis of the pinion is called the pinion thrust force F p, and the force
component along the shaft axis of the gear is called the gear force F g, the mutually perpendicular component,
shown in Fig. 3.5 (b), are:
a) The tangential force Ft= Mt/r acting at the mean pinion pitch radius where M t is the pinion torque.
b) The pinion trust force Fp=Fttan(, where is the pitch cone angle of the pinion.

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c) Tooth
 The gear thrust force
Bending StressFg=Ft tan(cos
Assume the entire load is carried by a single teeth ,and tangential tooth load acts on the strip
Torque acts on the strip, dmt=dF

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= .dx..y.
mt =.dx..y.

mt=.dx. y.

mt=dx.mt= where 3 =L3-b3-3L2b+3Lb2

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mt=

mt=
43
m t=

m t=

m t= where, , hence 0

m t=

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F t= = where is called bevel factor
if =0, (spur gear)
=.= Allowable static stress of gear material (N/mm2)

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velocity factor, = for cut teeth, and = for generated teeth
P =circular pitch= where module ‘m’ is measured along large end of teeth
m2y= ------------------------------ is called a force equation used if the center distance is
known
m3=-------------------- is the torque equation is used if the center distance is unkown.

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Empirical Formula
Fd=Ft +
Fen1=.b.p.y1
Fen2=.b.p.y2
Wear Load
Fw=

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D=pitch circle diameter of the pinion, b= face width (mm)
Q= and can be read from the data book
Example Problem

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1. Design a bevel gear drive for a radial drilling machine. The speed of the motor
is 3600rpm and rated power is 12.5kw. The motor speed is to be reduced to
1440rpm. The allowable static stresses for gear materials are 138.3n/mm 2. The
no. of teeth on the pinion is 20 and tooth form is 14 involute
2. A right angle speed reducer uses hardened alloy steel precision cut bevel gear.
The speed reduction ratio is 5:1 and the pinion operates at 900rpm, while

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transmitting 40kw power. If the teeth are of 20o full depth involute and pinion
has a diameter of 114mm, The allowable static stress for gear materials are
200N/mm2.
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Contd………..

1. A pair of C.I bevel gears connect two shafts at right angles. The pitch diameters of the
pinion and gear are 80mm and 100mm respectively. The tooth profile is 14 involute. The
allowable static stresses for gears are 55N/mm2. The pinion transmits 2.75kw at 1100rpm.
Find the module and no. of teeth on each gear from the stand point of strength. Take face
width b is rd of slant length (L)

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2. A 33kw motor running at 1200rpm drives a compressor at 780rpm through a 90o bevel
gear arrangement. The pinion has 30 teeth. The tooth are 14involute profile. The Lewis form

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factor where is equivalent no. of teeth. The allowable static stresses for gear materials
are100N/mm2. Determine the proper module and face width of gear wheels by using Lewis
strength equation?

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 Worm Gears
INTRODUCTION
Worm gearing is widely used to transmit power at high velocity ratios between two non-
parallel, non-intersecting shafts. The worm drive consists of a threaded worm in mesh with a
gear, sometimes called the worm wheel as shown in Fig. 4.1.The worm may have a single,
double, triple or more threads. The axial pitch Pa of worm is equal to circular pitch Pc of the

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gear. The lead is the distance the worm helix advances along the axis per revolution. If the
develop one turn of the worm thread, it forms the hypotenuse of a right angle whose base
is equal to the pitch circumference of the worm and whose altitude is equal to the lead of

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the worm.

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The following relationships are noted:
= = = = =
=

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= = law of worm gearing,
where is the number of starts on the worm,
is axial module
is number of teeth on worm gear
is pitch circle diameter of worm

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is pitch circle diameter of gear
is speed of the worm in rpm
48
is speed of the gear (RPm)
Strength Design
Strength design of the worm wheel is based on the Lewis equation,
Ft=..b...y
is allowable statics stress of the gear material (N/mm2)
= , is pitch line velocity of gear
is module along the normal,

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y= Lewis form factor=0.154 for 20oinvoute
= no. of teeth on the gear
Dynamic Load
Dynamic load, Fdfor the worm may estimated by

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Fd= in Newton
Ft=
Endurance strength
Fen-g =.b..y Fd

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=endurance stress of the gear material(N/mm2)
Wear Load
Fw=DgbB where Dg = pitch diameter of the gear, b= face width, and B= a constant depending
upon the combination of the materials used for the worm and gear, as listed in Table 4.1 49
 Table 4.1
Worm Gear B(KN/m2)
Hardened steel Cast iron 345
Steel, 250 BHN Phosphors bronze 415
Hardened steel Phosphors bronze 550
Hardened steel Chilled phosphors bronze 830

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Hardened steel Antimony bronze 830
Cast iron Phosphors bronze 1035

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The values for B are suitable for lead angles up to 10 o. For angles between 10o and 25o, increase B by 25%.
For angles greater than 25o, increase B by 50%.
AGMA POWER RATING EQUATIONS
AGMA power rating equations are based on wear and the heat dissipation capacity of the worm gear unit.
From the stand point of water,
P= KQ(wear check)

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Where P= input power in kw; N= speed of worm in rev/min; R = transmission ratio =;
K= a pressure constant depending upon center distances, as listed in Table 4.2; Q=; and
=velocity factor depending upon the center distance, transmission ratio, and worm speed; may be
estimated by 50
= where Vw= pitch line velocity of worm, in m/s
Table 4.1
The AGMA recommendations further include the following design equation
Dw 3Pc, b=0.73 Dw, L Pc
Where Dw= pitch diameter of the worm; C= center distance between axis of worm and axis of
gear; b= face width; Pc = circular pitch of gear; L=axial length of worm
Based on AGMA recommendations, the limiting input power rating of plain worm gear unit

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from the stand point of heat dissipation, for worm gear speed up to 2000rev/min, may be
estimated by
= (heat check) where = permissible power input, kw; C=center distance;

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R=transmission ratio
The efficiency of a worm gear unit, assuming square threads, may be approximated by
Efficiency = where
If the efficiency is less than 50% the device will be self locking. That is, it can not be driven by applying a
torque to wheel. This characteristics can be useful safety feature in some application

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Empirical relation for

36 and 12 to 36 8 to 12 <8
above 51
1 2 3 4