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Classes in Java

The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts including classes, objects, encapsulation, and methods. It provides examples of classes like Car and Dog that have states like speed and activity, and behaviors like accelerate and bark. A class is a blueprint that defines the structure and behavior of objects through member variables and methods. Objects are instances of classes that encapsulate data and functions.

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kamal deep garg
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6 views

Classes in Java

The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts including classes, objects, encapsulation, and methods. It provides examples of classes like Car and Dog that have states like speed and activity, and behaviors like accelerate and bark. A class is a blueprint that defines the structure and behavior of objects through member variables and methods. Objects are instances of classes that encapsulate data and functions.

Uploaded by

kamal deep garg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Classes

Structured Programming
• In structured programming, focus is on the algorithm and importance
is given to the procedure (logic) and not to the data on which these
procedures operate
• The entire problem was divided into a number of smaller units
• Functions/Procedures
• All these units need to work on a data item to produce the result
• The data need to be global
• Global data made the code complex
• As the code size grows, maintaining code becomes difficult
Object Oriented Programming
• Object Oriented Programming
• The entire program is visualized as a number of objects interacting with each
other
• An object is a self-contained entity that contains attributes (data) and
behaviors (functions)
• Car, Telephone, Pen
State and Behavior
Example: Car object
• State
• Current Speed
• Current Gear
• Engine State (Running, Not Running)
• Behavior (Acts on the object and changes state)
• Slow down
• Accelerate
• Stop
• Switch Off Engine
• Start Engine
State and Behavior
Example: Dog Object
• State
• Color
• Breed
• Activity (Barking/Not barking)
• Tail Activity (Wagging/Not Wagging)
• Behavior
• Bark
• Wag Tail
• Eat
What is a Class
• A Class
• Is a blueprint used to create objects.
• It defines the structure and behavior of objects of that class.
• Examples: Animal, Human Being, Automobiles, Bank Account, Customer
What is a Class
• A class contains state and behavior
• State (Member Variables)
• Variables defined inside the class
• Not exposed to external world
• Behavior (Member Methods)
• Functions defined inside the class
• Behavior exhibited by the class to external world
• Exposed to external world
• An object is an instance of a class
Define a class in Java
Class Emp
{
int id;
String name;
void setId(int i){ id=I;}
Void print(){}
}
Member variables
• A variable declared within a class(outside any method) is known as an
instance variable.
• A variable declared within a method is known as local variable.
• Variables with method declarations are known as parameters or
arguments.
Objects and References
• Once a class is defined, you can declare a variable (object reference)
of type class
• Student stud1;
• Employee emp1;
The new operator is used to create an object of that reference type
• Employee emp = new Employee();

• Object references are used to store objects.


new operator

Dynamically allocates memory for an object

Creates the object on the heap

Returns a reference to it

The reference is then stored in the variable


Encapsulation
• Combine an object’s data and methods into a single unit is known as
data encapsulation
• A car’s dashboard hides the complexity and internal workings of its
engine.
• Implemented using the concept of access specifiers
• public, private etc.
Methods
• Constructor
• Accessors
• Mutators
Constructor
• Constructor is automatically invoked whenever an object of the class
is created
• Rules to define a constructor
• A constructor has the same name as the class name
• A constructor should not have a return type
• A constructor can be defined with any access specifier (like private,
public)
• A class can contain more than one constructor
Static in Java
• Static class members are the members of a class that do not belong to an instance of a
class
• We can access static members directly by prefixing the members with the class name
• ClassName.staticVariable
• ClassName.staticMethod(...)

• Static variables:
• Shared among all objects of the class
• Only one copy exists for the entire class to use
Method Overloading
• Product(int);
• Product(int, int);
• Product(double);
•Thank You

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