Electrical Machines II

Course Name : Electrical Machines – II

Course Code: EL1006

Credits : 4

Scheme LTP : 3-0-2

Course Instructor – Dr. Puneet Chawla

 Course Objectives:
At the end of this course, the students should be
able to
• Acquire the knowledge of constructional
features,
• Principle of operation of various types of
rotating AC machines
• Evaluate their performance
 SYLLABUS

Three Phase Induction Machines

General construction features, rotating field theory, per phase and
approximate equivalent circuit, production of torque, torque speed
characteristics, max power and max torque criterion, maximum efficiency
criterion, no load and blocked rotor test, circle diagram. Starting: rotor
rheostat starter, reduced voltage starting, star delta starting. Deep bar and
double cage rotor. Speed control: pole changing, line voltage control, line
frequency control, rotor resistance control, injection of emf in the rotor
circuit. Braking: regenerative, plugging, dynamic braking. Physical
phenomenon: time and space harmonics, cogging, crawling, locking, noise,
voltage ripples, induction generator.

Single Phase Induction Motors

Double revolving field theory, analysis of single-phase induction motor,
equivalent circuit diagram, torque speed characteristics, types of single-
phase
o induction machines Introduction to Special Electrical Machines
‹#›

Reluctance motor, BLDC motor, servo motor, stepper motor, permanent

magnet motors
 SYLLABUS
Synchronous Generators
Constructional features, armature windings, pitch and distribution factor, winding
connections, induced emf equation, equivalent circuit, synchronous and leakage
reactance, cylindrical rotor machine performance with constant synchronous reactance,
armature reaction, generator external characteristics and voltage regulation, generator
excitation for constant voltage, direct and quadrature axis synchronous reactance,
unsaturated and saturated synchronous reactance, open circuit and short circuit
characteristics. Potier triangle, calculation of saturated synchronous reactance from open
circuit saturation curve, determination of direct and quadrature axis synchronous
reactance. Efficiency, losses in synchronous generator, power angle, transient and sub-
transient reactance, determination of transient, sub-transient reactance, parallel operation
of synchronous generators, synchronizing power, negative and zero sequence
impedances of synchronous generator
Synchronous Motors
Construction and operation of synchronous motor, V-curves and inverted V-curves,
effects of armature reaction, vector diagrams, effect of change in load and field
excitation, vector diagram for salient pole synchronous motor, calculation of field
current and efficiency. Relation between power developed and power angle,
o
electromagnetic power in salient and cylindrical rotor motor, condition for maximum
‹#›
power, maximum power versus power angle, field excitation versus power angle,
hunting, damping, methods of starting of synchronous motor, power factor correction
using synchronous condensers, hunting
 Suggested Books

Sr.No. Name of Book/Authors/Publisher Year of Publication/ Reprint

1. Electric Machines by D P Kothari and I J Nagrath, Tata Mcgraw Hill

Education Private Limited 2017
2. Alternating Current Machines by M.G Say, Pitman publishing Ltd 1976
3. Electric Machinery by A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Jr. and Stephen D.
Umans, Tata 2013 McGraw-Hill
4. Electrical Machinery by P S Bhimbra, 7th Edition, Khanna Publishers 2011
5. The Performance and Design of Direct Current Machines by Albert E
Clayton & N N Hancock, 1974 CBS publishers and distributors
6. Theory and Performance of Electric Machines By J. B Gupta Publisher:
Kataria,S. K., & Sons
7. Electrical Machinery and Transformer, Irving L. Kosow , 2nd Edition, 1991,
Prentice Hall 1991
8. Electric
o Machinery, P.K. Mukherjee and S. Chakravorti, 2nd Edition, D
‹#›
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Static Machine Rotating Machine

Transformer Motor
Classification of electric machines
 Classification of AC machines
Classification of electric Classification of
electric machines machines
AC Machines

Asynchronous Machines
Synchronous Machines
(Induction Machine)

Induction Induction
Synchronous Synchronous
Generator Motor
Generator Motor
Due to lack of a
A primary Used as motors as Most widely
separate field
source of well as power factor used electrical
excitation, these
electrical compensators motors in both
machines are
energy (synchronous domestic and
rarely used as
condensers) industrial
generators.
applications
 Q
 Electromagnetic Induction Phenomena was discovered by
Faraday
 The Experiment:

 Michael Faraday summed up conclusions of this experiments regarding

electro-magnetic induction into two laws, known as Faraday’s laws of
electro-magnetic induction.

‹#›
What happens when a conductor moves in a magnetic field?
 When flux linking with a conductor (or coil) changes, an emf is induced in it.
 What are the ways in which flux linkages can change?

 This change in flux linkages can be obtained in the following two ways:

(i) By either moving the conductor and keeping the magnetic field system stationary
or moving the magnetic field system and keeping the conductor stationary in such a way
that conductor cuts across the magnetic field (as in case of DC and AC generators).
o The emf induced in this way is called dynamically induced emf

(ii) By changing the flux linking with the coil (or conductor) without moving either coil or
field system. However, the change of flux produced by the field system linking with the
coil is obtained by changing the current in the field system (solenoid), as in
transformers.
‹#›
o The emf induced in this way is called statically induced emf
The emf produced due to motion between the conductor and the magnetic
field is called induced emf.
 This law states that “The magnitude of induced emf in a coil is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages. The flux linkages is the
product of number of turns and the flux associated with the coil.

‹#›
 The direction of induced emf and hence current in a
conductor or coil can be determined by either of the
following two methods
 Fleming’s Right Hand Rule:
“Stretch, first finger, second finger, and thumb of your right hand
mutually perpendicular to each other. If first finger indicates the
direction of magnetic field, thumb indicates the direction of
motion of conductor then second finger will indicate the direction
of induced emf in the conductor.”
 Apply Lenz’s Law:
Electro-magnetically induced emf and hence current flows in a coil
or circuit in such a direction that the magnetic field set up by it,
always opposes the very cause which produces it.
6

Therefore minus sign is appended on RHS ‹#›

of the emf expression.
In self inductance, the change in the strength of current in the coil is
opposed by the coil itself by inducing an e.m.f.
In mutual inductance out of the two coils one coil opposes change in
the strength of the current flowing in the other coil.
‹#›
 Self and Mutually induced emf

Self Induced EMF :

It is defined as the emf induced in the coil due to increase or decrease
of the current in the same coil.
If the current is constant no. emf is induced. When a current is passed
to a circuit due to self induced emf the flow of current in the circuit is
opposed .

Mutually induced emf

The emf induced in a coil due to the change of flux produced by another
neighbouring coil linking to it, is called Mutually Induced emf.

‹#›
 When current flows through one coil, it produces flux .
The whole of this flux may not be linking with the other coil coupled to it
It may be reduced, because of leakage flux, by a fraction k known as co-efficient of coupling.
Thus, the fraction of magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil that links with the
other is known as co-efficient of coupling (k) between the two coils.

 If the flux produced by one coil completely links with the other, then the value of
k is one and the coils are said to be magnetically tightly coupled.
 Whereas, if the flux produced by one coil does not link at all with the other,
then the value of k is zero and the coils are said to be magnetically isolated.
15

‹#›
 Rotating Machines

Generator
Motor
Principle of working of electric Principle of working of electric
motor – generator
An electric motor works on the principle Electric generator works on the
that when an electric current is passed principle of electromagnetic induction
through a conductor placed normally that is when a conductor moves in a
in a magnetic field, a force acts on the
magnetic field an emf is induced
conductor as a result of which the
conductor begins to move and across the conductor.
mechanical energy is obtained.
 Basic components of a Generator and a Motor

 Electromagnet - a coil is wound on a piece of

magnetic material.

Energized by connecting a source supply

across the coil. N

When the current flows through the coil,

lines of force are established.
Mare
 In permanent magnet the magnetic polarities
permanently fixed.

 In an electromagnet the position of the north and the

south poles depends upon the direction of current S
flowing through the coil.

 By applying the thumb or crock screw rule , the

direction of flux around a current carrying coil can be
found.
Various Ways of making Electromagnet
Various Ways of making Electromagnet
Various Ways of making Electromagnet
Stator of a DC machine
Various Ways of making Electromagnet
Various Ways of making Electromagnet
Rotor of a DC machine
Windings in electrical machines
Rotating Machines

Generator
INDUCED EMF
Torque developed due to non alignment of two magnets
Torque due to non alignment of two magnetic fields
Rotation due to non alignment of two magnets
Rotation due to non alignment of two magnets
 Windings in electrical machines
Distinction can be made between different types of windings
characterized by the nature of the current they carry.

 If the current serves the purpose of providing a magnetic

field and is independent of the load (it is called a
magnetizing, or excitation current), the winding is termed a
field winding.
(Usually DC and are of relatively low power, since their only
purpose is to magnetize the core).

 However, if the winding carries only the load current, it is

called an armature winding

In DC and AC synchronous machines, separate windings exist to

carry field and armature currents.
Schematic representation of a rotating machine
Flux in a 4 pole machine
 Frequency and Synchronous speed
• The frequency of the generated voltage of an alternator
depends upon the number of field poles and the speed at
which the field poles are rotated.
• One complete cycle of the voltage being generated in an
armature coil when a pair of field poles i.e. one north pole and
one south pole passes over the coil.
• Let,
𝑃 = Number of rotor field poles
𝑁 = Speed of rotor or field poles in RPM
𝑓 = Frequency of the generated voltage in Hz
• In one revolution of the rotor, an armature coil is cut by (P/2)
north poles and (P/2) south poles.
• Since one cycle of the voltage is generated in the armature coil
when a pair of field poles passes over the coil.
 Frequency and Synchronous speed
• Thus, the number of cycles generated in one revolution of the
rotor will be equal to the number of pairs of poles
• Number of cycles / revolution = No of pole pairs = P/2
• Number of revolution/second = N/60
• Number of cycles /second =P/2 x N/60

• The frequency is defined as the number of cycles per seconds.

f = PN/120

• The synchronous speed is defined as the speed at which the

rotating magnetic field of an electric machine rotates. It is
denoted by Ns
 Synchronous Machines
• Synchronous generators or alternators are used to convert
mechanical power derived from steam, gas, or hydraulic-
turbine to ac electric power

• Synchronous generators are the primary source of electrical

energy we consume today

• Large ac power networks rely almost exclusively on

synchronous generators

• Synchronous motors are built in large units as compared to

induction motors (Induction motors are cheaper for smaller
ratings) and used for constant speed industrial drives
 POLYPHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

In 2013, India's five mainland

regional grids were connected
created a nationwide
synchronous power grid.
The five power grids include
Northern Region, Eastern
Region, Western Region,
Northeastern Region, and
Southern Region grids
• Synchronous generators
work in parallel with the
interconnected system.
• Frequency and voltage are
constant.
 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Synchronous machines are doubly excited
machines

• Field Winding - DC excited

• 3-Phase Armature winding

According to the arrangement of the field and

armature windings, synchronous machines may have
(a) Stationary Armature - Rotating Field (Above 5 kVA)

(b) Stationary Field – Rotating Armature (Below 5 kVA)

CONSTRUCTION OF ALTERNATOR
Stationary Armature - Rotating Field
 CONSTRUCTION OF ALTERNATOR
Stationary Armature - Rotating Field

An alternator has 3 phase winding on the stator and

DC field winding on the rotor.

STATOR
• Stationary part of the machine.
• It is built up of Sheet-Steel
Lamination Core (Stampings)
with slots to hold the armature
Conductor
 12 slot 2pole 3 phase
A

B’ 1
12 2

e1
11 e12 e2 3
e3 C’
e11

10 e10 e4 4

e9 e5
C
9 e8 e6 5
e7

8 6
7 B

A’
CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
 Rotating Field

When 3 phase supply is given to a 3 phase winding, a Rotating

magnetic field of constant magnitude is produced
Rotating Magnetic Field
Rotating Magnetic Field
Rotating Magnetic Field
CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

ROTOR:
There are two types of rotor

i) Salient Pole {Projected Poles}

ii) Cylindrical Rotor

Non - Salient Pole type {Non – Projected Poles}
 TYPES of SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Two types:
1-Cylindirical rotor: High speed, fuel or gas fired power plants
p n p
fe   n
2 60 120
To produce 50 Hz electricity
p=2, n=3000 rpm
p=4, n=1500 rpm

2-Salient-pole rotor: Low speed, hydroelectric power plants

To produce 50 Hz electricity
p=12, n=500 rpm
p=24, n=250 rpm
Cylindrical rotor Synchronous Generator
Smooth cylindrical rotor or TURBO ALTERNATOR
Used in high speed alternators driven by steam turbines 1000 RPM to 3000 RPM.).
Features
• Smaller diameter and larger axial length compared to salient pole type machines,
of the same rating.
• Less Windage loss.
• Speed 1000 RPM to 3000 RPM.. Better Balancing..

Noiseless Operation

Flux distribution nearly sine wave

Frequency 50 Hz

Ns = 120 F / P

Poles 2 4 6
Speed 3000 1500 1000
 Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator
TURBOALTERNATORS

Turbine D»1m

L » 10 m
Steam d-axis
Stator winding

• High speed N
Uniform air-gap

• 3000 rev/min 2-pole Stator

• 1500 rev/min 4-pole q-axis Rotor winding

• Direct-conductor cooling (using Rotor

hydrogen or water as coolant)

S
• Rating up to 2000 MVA
Turbogenerator
Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator

 Stator

 Cylindrical rotor
Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator ( Hydrogenator)
1. Most hydraulic turbines have to turn at low speeds
(between 50 Rev/min - 500 r/min)
2. A large number of poles are required on the rotor
d-axis

N Non-uniform
air-gap
D » 10 m

q-axis S S

Turbine
N
Hydro (water)

Hydrogenator
Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

• Poles are mounted on the larger

circular frame.
• Made up of Thick Steel Laminations.
• Field Winding are connected in
series.
• Ends of the field winding are
connected to the DC Supply through
Slip Rings
Features
• Large Diameter and short Axial
Length
• Poles are Laminated to reduced
• Eddy Current Losses
• Employed for Low and Medium Speed
• 120 RMP to 500 RPM
• (Diesel & Hydraulic Turbines)

This cannot be used for Large speed

Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator

Stator

le ro to r
n t -p o
Salie
Advantages of Stationary armature - Rotating field
Armature winding on stator and Field winding on rotor
• It is easy to insulate the stationary winding.
• Stator winding is not subjected to centrifugal forces.
• Stator winding (stator) voltage rating can be increased.
• Sparking at brushes is completely avoided.
• Perfect mechanical balance is obtained on stator winding.
• It is easy to insulate slip-rings that are on dc (low rating).
• The rotor weight is less compared to the stator weight.
• The heavy bearings are not required since the rotor is lightweight.
DAMPER WINDING

• Pole faces are provided with damper winding

• Damping out any oscillation that might be caused by sudden

changes in the load on the rotor when in synchronism.
(preventing Hunting)

• Copper Bar are placed in slots on pole shoes and short-

circuited at both ends by heavy copper rings
PRICIPLE OF OPERATION - SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
How does a synchronous generator work?

1- ApplyDC current to rotor

winding (field winding)

2- Rotate the shaft (rotor) with

constant speed.

3- Rotor magnetic field will

create flux linkages in stator
coils and as a result voltage will
be produced because of
Faraday’s Law.
 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
How is DC current applied to the rotor?

1- Slip Rings Note: Magnetic field of rotor

can also be produced by
permanent magnets for small
machine applications

2- Brushless Excitation System:

Excitation supplied from ac exciter and solid rectifiers.
The alternator of the ac exciter and the rectification system are on
the rotor.
The current is supplied directly to the field-winding without the
need to use slip rings.
Brushless Excitation System

Block diagram of a Brushless Excitation System

ARMATURE WINDING

• 3 Phase alternator carry 3 sets of winding arranged in slots

• Open circuited
• 6 terminals
• Can be connected in Star
or Delta

Armature Winding Classification

1. Single Layer and Double Layer Winding
2. Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding
3. Concentrated and Distributed Winding
 Single Layer and Double Layer Winding
Single- layer winding

• One coil-side occupies the total slot area

• Used only in small ac machines

Double- layer winding

• Coil-sides in two layers

• Double-layer winding is more commonly

used above about 5kW machines
The advantages of double-layer winding over single layer winding:
a. Easier to manufacture and lower cost of the coils
b. Fractional-slot winding can be used
c. Chorded-winding is possible
d. Lower-leakage reactance and therefore , better performance of the machine
e. Better emf waveform in case of generators
POLE – PITCH
It is the distance between the centers of pole
faces of two adjacent poles is called pole pitch.

Pole pitch = 1800 Electrical

COIL :
A coil consists of two coil sides.
Placed in two separate slots

SLOT PITCH:
It is the phase angle between two adjustment slots

COIL SPAN OR COIL PITCH

It is the distance between two coil sides of a coil
Phase spread 0f 1200 for Phase sequence of RBY

SLOT PITCH: angle between two slots = 3600/12 =300

For 1200 between start of two phase - 4 slots x 300
Phase spread 0f 600 for Phase sequence of RBY
 Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding

Full Pitch Winding

If the coil span is equal to pole pitch then the winding is called Full Pitch Winding

Coil Span = Pole Pitch

e1 V e2 V

Short Pitch Winding

If the coil span is less than Pole

Pitch it is called Short pitch
winding
e2 V

e1 V e2 V
Advantages of Short Chorded winding or Chorded Pitch Winding

1. Copper is saved
2. Mechanical strength of the coil is increased
3. Induced EMF in improved (lesser harmonics)

Slot Angle : The angular displacement between any two

adjacent slots in electrical degree

Slot angle (β) = 180

(Number of slots / Pole)
PITCH FACTOR OR COIL SPAN FACTOR OR SHORT CHORDED FACTOR
Kp OR Kc
Pitch factor is defined as the ratio EMF induced in the Short
pitch winding to the EMF induced in the full pitch winding

α =Angle of short pitching Vector Sum EMF = AB

= AC + CB
Kp = AC + CB
AD + DB
B

C α/2 EV AD = BD

α/2 α
A
EV D EV
2E
Kp = Cos (α / 2)
 Phase spread 0f 600 for Phase sequence of RBY

Let the maximum Induced emf in a conductor be Em .

The emf can be represented by a phasor whose projection on vertical axis is equal to rms
value of the emf generated in the conductor.
 DISTRIBUTION FACTOR OR BREATH FACTOR (Kd)

• Let the number of slots per pole be n.

• The number of slots per pole per phase is m.
• Induced emf per coil side is E .
• Angular displacement between the slots,
β= 180o/n
• Let us represent the emfs induced in
different coils of one phase under one pole
as AB, BC, CD, and so on.
• Induced emfs are equal in magnitude (say
each equal E) and differ in phase (say by )
from each other.
• If we draw bisectors on AB, BC, CD, ……
• They would meet at common point O.
 B C
e2 β
r
x e1 e3
m(β/2)

A E D
β β β/2
β/2
r β
β/2 Vector Sum
mβ
O
Arithmetic Sum of EMF = m(AB )
AB = AX + XB
= r Sin (β/2) + r Sin (β/2)
AB = 2 r Sin (β/2) AB = BC = CD = 2 r Sin (β/2)
If there are ‘m’ slots per phase per pole, then

Arithmetic Sum /phase of the EMF = m x (2 r Sin (β/2) )

Vector Sum of EMF AD = AE + ED

Vector Sum of EMF AE = ED = r Sin (m β/2)
Arithmetic
Vector Sum of EMF = 2r x (Sin (mβ/2)) sum=AB+BC+CD.
 Harmonics
• When the uniformly sinusoidally distributed air gap flux is cut by either the
stationary or rotating armature, sinusoidal emf is induced in the alternator.
Hence the nature of the waveform of induced emf and current is sinusoidal. But
when the alternator is loaded, waveform will not continue to be sinusoidal or
becomes nonsinusoidal.
• By using Fourier series representation it is possible to represent complex
nonsinusoidal waveform in terms of series of sinusoidal components called
harmonics, whose frequencies are integral multiples of fundamental wave.
• The waveform, which is of the frequency twice that of the fundamental is called
second harmonic. The one which is having the frequency three times that of the
fundamental is called third harmonic and so on. These harmonic components
can be represented as follows.
• Fundamental: e1 = Em1 Sin (ωt ± θ1)
• 2nd Harmonic e2 = Em2 Sin (2ωt ± θ2)
• 3rd Harmonic e3 = Em3 Sin (3ωt ± θ3)
• 5th Harmonic e5 = Em5 Sin (5ωt ± θ5) etc.
• In case of alternators as the field system and the stator coils are symmetrical the
induced emf will also be symmetrical and hence the generated emf in an
alternator will not contain any even harmonics.
 HARMONICS

NOTE:
• Harmonics are different from transient distortions to power systems
such as spikes, dips and impulses.
• They are steady-state distortions to current and voltage waves and
repeat every cycle.
83
 Effect of Harmonics
• In electrical machine, every effort is made to make the
magnetic flux density wave sinusoidal in space.
• But practically, it is never distributed sinusoidally in space but
contains various harmonics.
• Out of various harmonics, third harmonic is the most dominant.
• A third harmonic component of flux density wave may be assumed
to be produced by 3 poles as compared to the one pole for
fundamental component.
• In view of this, the angular slot pitch for third harmonic will be
3γ and hence nγ for nth harmonics.
• In the view of this, the chording angle for the rth harmonic
becomes r times the chording angle for the fundamental
component and pitch factor for the rth harmonic is given as,
 Effect of Harmonics on Pitch Factor
The rth harmonic becomes zero, if,

• In 3 phase alternator, the 3rd harmonic is suppressed by star or delta

connection as in the case of 3 phase transformer.
• Total attention is given for designing a 3 phase alternator winding
design, for 5th and 7th harmonics.

For 5th harmonic

For 7th harmonic

By adopting a suitable chording angle of α = 30o, design of armature winding of

alternator is optimized.
Effect of Harmonics on Distribution Factor
If the flux distribution contains space harmonics the slot angular
pitch β on the fundamental scale, would become rβ for the rth
harmonic component and thus the distribution factor for the r th
harmonic would be

Emf induced for any nth harmonic En ph = 4.44 kpn kdn (nf ) Φn Tph

Phase voltage = √ (E2ph1 + E2ph3 + E2ph5)

Line voltage = √3 x √ (E2ph1+ E2ph5)

 Effect of Harmonics
• In 3 phase alternator, the 3rd harmonic is suppressed by star or delta
connection as in the case of 3 phase transformer.
• Total attention is given for designing a 3 phase alternator winding
design, for 5th and 7th harmonics.
• A chording angle of 300 electrical is most useful as it gives following
pitch factors
• 0.909 for fundamental,0.707 for 3rd harmonic 0.259 for 5th and 7th
harmonics
.
• By adopting a suitable chording angle of α = 30o, design of
armature winding of alternator is optimized
• Hence 3 phase alternators are invariably star connected to
eliminate triplen harmonics (multiples of 3 i.e. 3 rd 9th) from
line emfs
• 5th and 7th harmonics of reduced magnitude are present in lines.
 Slot Harmonics
• As the armature or stator of an alternator is slotted, some harmonics are
induced into the emf which is called slot harmonics.
• The presence of slot in the stator makes the air gap reluctance at the surface of
the stator non uniform.
• Since in case of alternators the poles are moving or there is a relative motion
between the stator and rotor, the slots and the teeth alternately occupy any
point in the air gap.
• Due to this the reluctance or the air gap will be continuously varying. Due to
this variation of reluctance, ripples will be formed in the air gap between the
rotor and stator slots and teeth. This ripple formed in the air gap will induce
ripple emf called slot harmonics.
• Minimization of Harmonics:
• To minimize the harmonics in the induced waveforms following methods
are employed:
1. Distribution of stator winding.
2. Short Chording
3. Fractional slot winding
4. Skewing
5. Larger air gap length.
Example

A 3Φ, 50 Hz, star connected salient pole

alternator has 216 slots with 5 conductors per
slot. All the conductors of each phase are
connected in series; the winding is distributed and
full pitched.
The flux per pole is 30 mwb and the alternator
runs at 250 rpm.
Determine the phase and line voltages of emf
induced.
Solution : Ns =250rpm,f=50Hz,
P=120xf/Ns =120x50/250=24poles
m = number of slots/pole/phase = 216/(24 x 3) = 3
β = 1800 / number of slots/pole = 1800 / (216/24) = 200
Hence distribution factor Kd = ( sin mβ/2) / (m sin β/2)
= ( sin 3 x 20 / 2) / (3 sin 20/2)
= 0.9597 Pitch factor
Kp = 1 for full pitched winding.
We have emf induced per conductor
Tph= Zph/2 ; Zph= Z/3
Z = conductor/ slot x number of slots
Tph= Z/6 = 216 x 5 /6 = 180
Therefore
Eph = 4.44 KpKd f Ф Tph vlolts
=4.44x1x0.9597x50x30x10-3 x180
= 1150.488 volts
Hence the line Voltage EL = √3 x phase voltage = √3 Eph
= √3 x1150.488
= 1992.65 volts