0% found this document useful (0 votes)
44 views43 pages

Week 10

The main stages a process goes through are: 1. New - The process is created but not yet ready to execute. It is in memory but waiting to be assigned to a CPU. 2. Ready - The process is waiting to be assigned to a CPU. It is maintained in a ready queue. 3. Running - Instructions are being executed by the CPU. 4. Waiting - The process is waiting for some event to occur such as I/O to complete. 5. Terminated - The process has finished execution. 32 Process Management Process Control Block (PCB) A data structure maintained by the OS for each process Contains process state, program counter,

Uploaded by

sakshampe642
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
44 views43 pages

Week 10

The main stages a process goes through are: 1. New - The process is created but not yet ready to execute. It is in memory but waiting to be assigned to a CPU. 2. Ready - The process is waiting to be assigned to a CPU. It is maintained in a ready queue. 3. Running - Instructions are being executed by the CPU. 4. Waiting - The process is waiting for some event to occur such as I/O to complete. 5. Terminated - The process has finished execution. 32 Process Management Process Control Block (PCB) A data structure maintained by the OS for each process Contains process state, program counter,

Uploaded by

sakshampe642
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 43

Chapter 10

Operating Systems
Chapter Goals

• Describe the two main responsibilities of an


operating system
• Define memory and process management
• Explain how timesharing creates the virtual
machine illusion
• Explain the relationship between logical and
physical addresses
• Compare and contrast memory management
techniques
2
Chapter Goals
• Distinguish between fixed and dynamic partitions
• Define and apply partition selection algorithms
• Explain how demand paging creates the virtual
memory illusion
• Explain the stages and transitions of the process
life cycle
• Explain the processing of various CPU
scheduling algorithms

3
Software Categories

Application software
Software written to address specific needs
—to solve problems in the real world
System software
Software that manages a computer system
at a fundamental level
Can you name examples of each?

4
Software Examples

Application software
Example: Ms. Office, Chrome, and?
System software
Example: BIOS, Device driver, Operating
System (i.e.: Windows, LINUX)

Can you name examples of each?

5
Roles of an Operating System

Operating system
System software that
– manages computer resources, such as
memory and input/output devices
– provides an interface through which a human
can interact with the computer
– allows an application program to interact with
these other system resources

6
Roles of an Operating System

What operating
systems have
you used?

Figure 10.1
An operating system
interacts with many
aspects of a computer
system.

7
Roles of an Operating System

The various roles of an operating system


generally revolve around the idea of “sharing
nicely”
An operating system manages resources,
and these resources are often shared in one
way or another among programs that want
to use them

8
Resource Management

Multiprogramming
The technique of keeping multiple programs that
compete for access to the CPU in main memory at
the same time so that they can execute
Memory management
The process of keeping track of what programs are
in memory and where in memory they reside

9
Resource Management

Process
A program in execution
Process management
The act of carefully tracking the progress of a
process and all of its intermediate states
CPU scheduling
Determining which process in memory is executed
by the CPU at any given point

10
Batch Processing

The first operating system was a human operator, who


organized various jobs from multiple users into batches of
jobs that needed the same resources

11
12
Timesharing

Timesharing system
A system that allows multiple users to interact with
a computer at the same time
Virtual machine
The illusion created by a time-sharing system that
each user has his/her own machine
(i.e.: Virtual Machine, VMWare, Oracle VM
VirtualBox)
13
Other Factors

Real-time System
A system in which response time is crucial given
the nature of the application
Response time
The time delay between receiving a stimulus and
producing a response
Device driver
A small program that “knows” the way a particular
device expects to receive and deliver information
14
Memory Management

Operating systems must employ techniques to


– Track where and how a program resides in memory
– Convert logical addresses into actual addresses

Logical address
Reference to a stored value relative to the program
making the reference
Physical address
Actual address in main memory
15
Memory Management

Program 1:
sum is assigned memory
location 23, a location
relative to Program 1

OS must map sum (relative location 23)


to a specific physical address

Logical address for sum (23) is bound to a


physical address in memory before the
Figure 10.3 Memory is a program runs
continuous set of bits
referenced by specific
16 addresses
Single Contiguous MM

There are only two


programs in memory
The operating system
The application program

This approach is called


single contiguous
memory management

Figure 10.4 Main memory


divided into two sections

17
Single Contiguous MM

In concrete terms:
A logical address is simply an integer value
relative to the starting point of the program
A physical address is a logical address
added to the starting location of the program
in main memory

18
Single Contiguous MM

If A is location 100, and


the application program
is Program 1, then
sum is stored at location
123.

Figure 10.5 Binding a logical address


to a physical one

19
Partition Memory Management

Single contiguous MM has only the OS and one


other program in memory at one time
Partition MM has the OS and any number of other
programs in memory at one time
There are two schemes for dividing up memory for
programs:
– Fixed partitions Main memory is divided into a fixed
number of partitions into which programs can be
loaded
– Dynamic partitions Partitions are created as
needed to fit the programs waiting to be loaded
20
Partition Memory Management

Memory is divided into a set of partitions, some


empty and some allocated to programs
Base register
A register that holds the beginning address of the
current partition (the one that is running)
Bounds register
A register that holds the length of the current
partition

21
Partition Memory Management

Why check?

Figure 10.6
Address resolution
in partition memory
management

22
Partition Selection Algorithms

Which partition should we allocate to a new


program?
• First fit Allocate program to the first partition
big enough to hold it
• Best fit Allocated program to the smallest
partition big enough to hold it
• Worst fit Allocate program to the largest
partition big enough to hold it
Can you give a rationale for each?

23
Partition Selection Algorithms

A: 1000 Requests come in for blocks of


the following sizes:
1000, 25, 780, 1600, and 325
B: 700

C: 750 What block will be assigned


to each request if the
• first-fit algorithm is used?
D: 1500 • best-fit algorithm is used?
• worst-fit algorithm is used?
E: 300 (Treat each request as an
independent event)
F: 350

24
Paged Memory Management

Paged memory technique


A technique in which processes are divided into fixed-size
pages and stored in memory frames when loaded
Frame
A fixed-size portion of main memory that holds a process
page
Page
A fixed-size portion of a process that is stored into a
memory frame
We assume that a frame and a page are the same size
25
Paged Memory Management

Prog. 2, Page 2

Prog. 1, Page 3

If Prog. 1 is running and


needs logical address 2566,
how is the actual address
calculated?
Figure 10.7
A paged memory
management
approach
26
Paged Memory Management
Integer logical address is mapped into a
<page number, offset> logical address
Page number
Address divided by the page size (say 1024)
Offset
The remainder of the address divided by the page size
2566 DIV 1024 = 2
2566 MOD 1024 = 518 ==> <2, 518>

And???
27
Paged Memory Management
This new logical
address is mapped to a
physical address with
the help of a page-map
table (PMT)
Every program has a
PMT that shows into
which frame each page
of the program is
stored
What is the physical
address of <2, 518>?

28
Paged Memory Management

Demand paging
An extension of paged memory management in
which pages are brought into memory on demand

Page swap
The act of bringing in a page from secondary
memory, which often causes another page to be
written back to secondary memory

29
Paged Memory Management

Virtual memory
The illusion that there are no restrictions on the
size of a program because an entire process
doesn't have to be in memory at the same time
Thrashing
Inefficient processing caused by constant page
swaps

30
Process Management

Process management
The act of managing the use of the CPU by
individual processes
Recall that a process is a program in
execution

What stages does a process go through?

31
Process Management

The Process States


What can
cause a
process to
move to
the
Waiting
state?

Figure 10.8 The process life cycle


32
Process Management

Process control block (PCB)


A data structure used by the OS to manage
information about a process, including
– current value of the program counter
– values of all CPU registers for the process
– base and bound register values (or page tables)
– accounting information

Each state is represented by a list of PCBs, one


for each process in that state
33
Process Management

There is only one CPU and therefore only one set of CPU
registers, which contain the values for the currently
executing process
Each time a process is moved to the running state:
– Register values for the currently running process
are stored into its PCB
– Its PCB is moved to the list of the state into which it goes
– Register values of the new process moving into the running
state are loaded into the CPU
– This exchange of register information is called a context
switch

34
CPU Scheduling

CPU Scheduling
The act of determining which process in the ready
state should be moved to the running state
– Many processes may be in the ready state
– Only one process can be in the running state, making
progress at any one time

35
CPU Scheduling

Nonpreemptive scheduling
The currently executing process gives up the CPU
voluntarily
Preemptive scheduling
The operating system decides to favor another process,
preempting the currently executing process
Turnaround time
The amount of time between when a process arrives in the
ready state the first time and when it exits the running state
for the last time
36
CPU Scheduling Algorithms

First-Come, First-Served
Processes are moved to the CPU in the order in which they
arrive in the running state
Shortest Job Next
Process with shortest estimated running time in the ready
state is moved into the running state first
Round Robin
Each process runs for a specified time slice and moves
from the running state to the ready state to await its next
turn if not finished

37
First-Come, First-Served

What is the
average turn-
around time?

38
Shortest Job Next

What is the
average turn-
around time?

39
Round Robin

Every process is treated the same!


Time slice (quantum)
The amount of time each process receives
before being preempted and returned to the
ready state to allow another process its turn

40
Round Robin

Suppose the time slice is 50

What is the average


turnaround time?
41
CPU Scheduling Algorithms

Are these scheduling algorithms preemptive


or non-preemptive? Explain

First-Come, First-Served?

Shortest Job Next?

Round Robin?
42
• 1. non preemptive – once CPU given to
the process it cannot be preempted until
completes its CPU burst.
• 2. preemptive – if a new process arrives
with CPU burst length less than remaining
time of current executing process,
preempt.

43

You might also like