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Memory

Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. There are three main types of memory: sensory memory, which only lasts a fraction of a second; short-term memory, which can hold around 7 items for 10-15 seconds; and long-term memory, which can store vast amounts of information indefinitely. Information is encoded through visual, acoustic, or semantic pathways and can be retrieved through cues and strategies like chunking, imagery, and mnemonic devices.

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42 views41 pages

Memory

Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. There are three main types of memory: sensory memory, which only lasts a fraction of a second; short-term memory, which can hold around 7 items for 10-15 seconds; and long-term memory, which can store vast amounts of information indefinitely. Information is encoded through visual, acoustic, or semantic pathways and can be retrieved through cues and strategies like chunking, imagery, and mnemonic devices.

Uploaded by

Fatima Noreen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Memory

• “Memory is the process of


maintaining information over time.”
(Matlin, 2005)

• “Memory is the means by which we


draw on our past experiences in order
to use this information in the present’
(Sternberg, 1999).
What is memory ?
• The capacity to record, retain and
retrieve information.
• Three R’s
Memory Process
• Three steps
▫ Recording or Encoding (Learning)
▫ Retaining or storage (Retention)
▫ Retrieval (recall and Recognition)
Memory Encoding

• Think of this as similar to changing your money


into a different currency when you travel from
one country to another.

• Information comes into our memory system


(from sensory input).
• There are three main ways in which information
can be encoded (changed):

1. Visual (picture) -Short-term memory (STM)

2. Acoustic (sound)- Short-term memory (STM)

3. Semantic (meaning)- Long-term memory


(STM)
Memory Storage
• Where the information is stored
• How Long The Memory Lasts For (Duration)
• How Much Can Be Stored At Any Time
(Capacity)
• What Kind Of Information Is Held.
Retrieval or Recall
• This refers to getting information out
storage.
Types of Memory
Sensory Information
• It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory
information after the original stimuli have
ended.
• Sensory memory is an ultra-short-term memory
and decays or degrades very quickly, typically
in the region of 200 - 500 milliseconds (1/5 - 1/2
second) after the perception of an item.
Short Term Memory
• “Scratch-pad” for temporary recall of the
information which is being processed at any point
in time.
• Referred to as "the brain's Post-it note” & working
Memory”.
• It holds a small amount of information (typically
around 7 items or even less) in mind in an active.
• Readily-available state for a short period of
time (typically from 10 to 15 seconds, or
sometimes up to a minute).
Short Term Memory
Test
8517493
Long Term memory
• Enough for storage of information over a long
period of time.
• Despite our everyday impressions of forgetting,
it seems likely that long-term memory actually
decays very little over time,
• Can store a seemingly unlimited amount of
information almost indefinitely.
Long Term Memory Test

Bed Dream Blanket Doze Pillow

Nap Snore Mattress Alarm Clock

Rest Slumber Nod Sheet Bunk

Cot Cradle tired


Long Term Memory
1. Declarative Memory “knowing what”
▫ Factual Information, Names, Faces & Dates etc
▫ Episodic memory
▫ Semantic memory

2. Procedural Memory “knowing how”


▫ Skills and Habits
▫ Playing a guitar or riding a bike
Semantic Memory

Semantic memory is the recollection of facts


gathered from the time we are young.

Some examples of semantic memory:


• Knowing that grass is green
• Recalling that Islamabad is the Pakistan's capital city
• Understanding how to put words together to form a
sentence
• Recognizing the names of colors
• Remembering what a dog is
• Knowing how to use the phone
Episodic memory
Episodic memory is specific to the individual.
It is the recollection of biographical experiences and specific
events in time in a serial form, from which we can reconstruct
the actual events that took place at specific points in time in
our lives.
Examples of episodic memory:

• Recalling your first day of school


• Knowing the name and breed of your first dog
• Remembering your memorable birthday
• Recalling the guests at your best friend’s 15 birthday party
• Knowing your lab partner in college chemistry class
• Remembering your first day on a new job
How’s your LTM ?

Sofa Sleep Lamp Kitchen


False Memory
• A false memory is a psychological
phenomenon where a person recalls something
that did not happen or differently from the way
it happened.
Forgetting?
• Hermann Ebbinghaus
• Using himself as a subject for observation
• Ebbinghaus devised 2,300 three-letter nonsense
syllables for measuring the formation of mental
associations.
• Meaningless three letter combinations – cef, wol
& gex
• Vel, feb & duz
Encoding Failure
Encoding Failure
Storage Failure
• Trace Decay Theory
▫ This theory suggests short term memory can only
hold information for between 15 and 30 seconds
unless it is rehearsed. After this time the
information / trace decays and fades away.

▫ Disuse
Retrieval Failure
• Retrieval failure is the failure to recall a
memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were
present at the time the memory was encoded.

• Cue –Dependent
▫ Retrieval Cues
• State-Dependent
• Interference – the tendency for new memories
to interfere with the retrieval of old memories.
Tip of the Tongue

• Feeling of Knowing

• Deja yu
• Explicit Memory
▫ Past Experiences

• Implicit Memory
▫ sometimes referred to as unconscious memory or
automatic memory.
How to Boost up Memory ?
Chunking
Can you remember
this number?
2009177618125678
Chunking

Chunking – mentally grouping details

1-800-NEW-POOL
or 738-1492
Chunking
Now can you remember this
number?
2009 1776 1812 5678
• Use Mental Image

• Use Elaborative Processing

• Whole Versus Part Learning

• Beware Serial Position

• Encode Retrieval Cues

• Over-Learn

• Use Spaced Practice


Retrieval Strategies
• Cognitive interview
• Say or Write down everything you can remember
• Recall events or information in different orders
• Recall from different viewpoints.
• Mentally return to the context of encoding.
Mnemonic
Devices
Mnemonic Devices

Acronyms are formed from the


first letter of each detail you are
trying to remember.

Do you know - who is Roy G.


Biv?
Mnemonic Devices
Mnemonic Devices

Acronyms are formed from the first


letter of each detail you are trying to
remember.

ROY G. BIV
ROY G. BIV = Colors of the spectrum
(Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet.)
Mnemonic Devices

Can you name all of the


planets in our solar
system?
Mnemonic Devices

Acrostic is a phrase or sentence in which


each word begins with the first letter of the
details being learned.
“My Very Educated Mother Just
Served Up Nachos.”
Mnemonic Devices

Acrostic is a phrase or sentence in which


each word begins with the first letter of the
details being learned.
“My Very Educated Mother Just
Served Up Nachos.” (Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune)

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