Press the button to start the System

Starting Presentation
 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
AND PROGRAMMING
JOVAN JOEL C. MAGALONG

08:29 A
M
Monday, March 4, 2024
COMPUTER
It is a machine or device that performs
processes, calculations and operations based on
instructions provided by a software or hardware
program.
• Input > Process > Output

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COMPUTER
COMPUTER!
 UNIT 1: HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Computer Timeline
Integrated Integrated
Abacus Mechanical Vacuum Tube Transistor Circuit Circuit
COMPUTER HISTORY
1200 B.C.E.
• ABACUS
• First Calculating tool
• Use to calculate
Computer HISTORY
0th Gen 1644: Mechanical
PASCALINE (Pascals Calculator)
- First mechanical calculator
invented that can only add and
subtract by turning the dial.
- Invented by French
mathematician Blaise Pascal in
between 1642 and 1644.
Computer HISTORY
0th Gen 1837: Mechanical
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
- Invented by Charles Babbage (Known
as the father of computer)on 1837 as
a successor to his first machine the
Difference Engine.
- Ada Lovelace (known as the First
programmer) wrote several program
that analyse the machine
- The machine can perform arithmetic
operation and polynomials by placing a
Computer HISTORY
0th Gen 1938: Mechanical
Z1 Computer
- First programmable computer
- Invented by German inventor Konrad
Zuse on 1936 to 1938.
- It uses Boolean Algebra and binary
floating point numbers.
- Punchtape reader was used to
interact with the machine
Computer HISTORY
1st Gen 1900: VACUUM TUBE
VACUUM TUBE Computers
- First generation of computers that
make use of vacuum tube switch
- Massive in size
- Not power efficient
- Can easily get hot
 Computer HISTORY
1st Gen VACUUM TUBE
INPUT MEMORY OUTPUT
VON NEUMAN ARCHITECTURE
1945
- Input gives command to the
FETCH STORE memory
- The memory fetch the
PROCESS:
command from the Process
CU – manages -CONTROL UNIT
command (CU)
- The memory will store the
-ARITHMETIC
command and produce an
ALU – manages
arithmetic LOGICAL UNIT output
operations (ALU)
Computer HISTORY
1st Gen 1943: VACUUM TUBE
Colossus
- First Electronic computer that uses
Vacuum Tube
- Invented by Tommy Flowers on 1943
(MK1) and 1944 (MK2)
- It was used to decipher messages.
- Input was provided using paper tape
and punch cards
Computer HISTORY
1st Gen 1945: VACUUM TUBE
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer)
- Also known as the Giant brain and
first digital computer
- Designed by John Mauchly and J.
Presper Eckert of the University of
Pennsylvania, U.S. on 1945
- It was used to help U.S. army calculate
the trajectory of their weapons.
Computer HISTORY
1st Gen 1951: VACUUM TUBE
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer)
- First commercial computer
- Designed by John Mauchly and J.
Presper Eckert of the University of
Pennsylvania, U.S. on 1951
- It can do arithmetic operations in
fraction of second and can predict
things base on statistical principle
Computer HISTORY
1st Gen 1951: VACUUM TUBE
TRANSISTORS
- Superior than vacuum tube
- smaller, power efficient, faster and
cost efficient
- Semi conductor device that can run
word processing app and games.
- It uses assembly language
- examples are PDP1 and TX0
Computer HISTORY
1st Gen 1951: VACUUM TUBE
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)
- Microprocessor chips combined
thousand transistor
- Small and energy efficient, faster
- Users can now interact using
keyboard and monitor
- Morse Law means every year the
number of transistor is double
Computer ARCHITECTURE HISTORY
4th Gen 1970 very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI)
VLSI
- Thousands of device such as
transistor on single chip
- Single chip contains thousands of IC
- Smaller and energy efficient, faster
- The birth of Personal Computer
03/04/2024
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4 Types of COMPUTER
• Super Computer
• Mainframe
• Mini Computer
• Micro Computer

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Supercomputer
• is the fastest computer in the world that can process a significant
amount of data very quickly
• The computing Performance of a supercomputer is measured in
FLOPS (that is floating-point operations per second) instead of Million
instructions per second (MIPS).
• It contains thousands of processor.
• Massive in size

Cray-1, first supercomputer developed by

Cray Research
Supercomputer CDC 6600

• Supercomputers are used usually used in

very large organizations to execute the
following:
• weather forecasting, meteorology, nuclear
energy research, Space exploration,
cryptology.

• CDC 6600 is the first supercomputer and was

released on 1964 by Seymour Cray.
• Japanese Fugaku
• Is the current worlds fastest computer in the world.
• Speed of 415.53 petaFLOPS
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Mainframe
• Mainframe are computers of very large size
and they also have high level of reliability,
security, processing power and storage.
• Also known as Big Iron.
• It acts as a central processing unit for many
workstations and terminals connected with
it.
• It can support up to thousands of users
simultaneously.

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Mainframe
• It is used as Server on the World Wide Web (www)
• Server – it is the centralized resource of other computer. that has
been optimized to provide services to other computers over network.
• They are used in large business organization such as universities,
banks and airlines.

• IBM Z Architecture
• Developed by IBM
• Uses Z/ Operating System(OS)

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Mini Computer
• also known as “Mid-range Computer”.
• Mainly multi-users systems where more than one user can work
simultaneously
• Average Computing power.
• Consist of more memory and storage.
• It can do several tasks at once.
• Typically used as webservers, database and gaming servers
• Used in small business.

• PDP-8
• 12-bit minicomputer
• Developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
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Mini Computer
• Terminal Computer - Most terminals were
connected to minicomputers or mainframe
computers and often had a green or amber screen.
Typically terminals communicate with the computer
via a serial port via a null modem cable, often using
an EIA RS-232 or RS-422 or RS-423 or a current loop
serial interface.

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Micro Computer
• a small computer that contains a single
microprocessor as its central processor.
• They have low computing power.
• It is also known as Personal computer or
single user system.
• It is the classification of Smartphones,
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), Desktop,
Laptop and embedder computers.
• They are commonly used personal life such
as gaming, browsing, learning and
messaging.
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 Micro Computer
• Desktop - A desktop computer is a device designed to
fit on top of a typical office desk an assembly is
required. It is a single user computer.
• Workstation It is a computer intended for individual
use that is faster and more capable than a personal
computer. It's intended for business or professional
use (rather than home or recreational use).
• Personal Computer - a general-purpose computer
equipped with a microprocessor and designed to run
especially commercial software (such as a word
processor or Internet browser) for an individual user.
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 Micro Computer – Personal Computer
• Laptop – also known as notebook. They are portable
computer and battery operated device that usually sits on
your lap and has an integrated parts such as the display,
keyboard, pointing device and others.
• Netbook – ultra portable and smaller than laptops.
• Chromebook – type of laptop that runs Google Chrome
operating system.
• Handheld PC - is a miniature computer typically built around
a clamshell form factor and is significantly smaller than any
standard laptop computer, but based on the same
principles.
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 Micro Computer – Personal Computer
• Personal Digital Assistant(PDA) - is an electronic handheld
organizer used in the to store contact information, manage
calendars, communicate by e-mail, and handle documents
and spreadsheets.
• Tablet (Tab) – It is a wireless, portable personal computer
with a touchscreen interface. The tablet form factor is
typically smaller than a notebook computer, but larger than
a smartphones.
• Smartphones - a mobile phone that performs many of the
functions of a computer, typically having a touchscreen
interface, internet access, and an operating system capable
of running downloaded applications.
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 Micro Computer – Personal Computer
• An embedded computer, which is an integral component of
most embedded systems, is a combination of hardware and
software that is designated to perform a highly specific
function.

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ANSWERS
Assessment
Direction type the correct answer in the comment section.

1. MICRO COMPUTER
It is the is a of
classification personal computer
personal computer,that smartphones
can carry everywhere.
and Personal
Digital Assistant (PDA).
2.
2. SUPERCOMPUTER is the most
It is the most powerful powerfulincomputer
computers terms ofthat computes complex
performance and dataand
intensive task like
processing. Theweather forecasting
performance of a orand used
this at military
computer research.measured
is commonly
in floating-point operations per second instead of million instructions per
second.
3. COMPUTER is an electronic device that executes task based on the given
3. It is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the
instruction
ability to store, retrieve, and process data base on the given instruction.
4. MINI COMPUTER also known as the “midrange computer” and it can
4. It is multiple
support also called mid-range
users at a time.computer. It is mainly
It has an average power.a multi-users system
where more COMPUTER
5. MAINFRAME than one user can work
is known forsimultaneously.
its reliability and security. Also known as
5. It
the is Iron”.
“Big a typeIt serves
of computer that generally
as the server are known for their large size,
or workstation.
amount of storage, processing power and high level of reliability. 03/04/2024
08:29 AM
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS

Ever wonder how

your computer
work every time
you press a key?
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS High level
Language

• INPUT > PROCESS > OUTPUT Assembly

• Binary Compiler

• How they store in the memory Machine

• And how they are being Language

processed Instruction Set

Architecture (ISA)

•https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=AkFi90lZmXA Hardware (CPU)
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS

• BINARY describes a
numbering scheme in
which there are only
two possible values for
each digit -- 0 or 1 --
and is the basis for all
binary code used in
computing systems
 X

MEMORY STORE Instruction

Int A = 5;
Memory Address
Bytes = 8 Bits (smallest unit that a
computer can process) Address Value

Let say we have 8gb or RAM Look for 5

address
0 00000101 (5)

8gb = 8,589,934,592 Bytes 1 01010001

2 0001011

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 00010001

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 4 10110001
ASCII (Abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) table …… ……

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A (65)
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS

223

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

128+64+16+8+4+2+1
= 223
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS
Formerly widely used, but are
now less popular. Analog
computers function with
continuous signals, but digital
computers can only work with
discrete signals. In the below-
mentioned sections, we will see
what are analog computers,
digital computers, and the basic
difference between analog
computer and digital computer.
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS
Analog Computers
is a type of computer that
uses the continuous
variation aspect of
physical phenomena such
as electrical, mechanical,
or hydraulic quantities to
model the problem being
solved.
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS
Digital Computers
are devices capable of
solving problems by
processing information in
discrete form. It operates
on data, including
magnitudes, letters, and
symbols, that are
expressed in binary code
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS
Digital Computers
are devices capable of
solving problems by
processing information in
discrete form. It operates
on data, including
magnitudes, letters, and
symbols, that are
expressed in binary code
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS

OFF On

0,1,2,3,4,5…..100 ON OFF
100 AND 0
Analog Computer Digital Computer
The speed of these computers is Digital computers are relatively
low. faster.
Continuous values are used in These sorts of systems process
analog computers, and these discrete data or deal with
systems handle continuous discrete values in digital
data. computers.
It depends upon physical It does not depend upon
variations. physical variations.
Analog computers provide less Digital computers provide more
accurate results. accurate results.
They have high power They have low power
consumption. consumption.
They are used in engineering These are used in almost every
and scientific fields. field.
Analog computers are not easy Digital computers are easy to
to use. use.
COMPUTER BINARY COMPUTATION

198
RULES:
0+0= 0 (bin)
1+1 = 2(dec) 10 = 1(bin) =
10(Bin)

1+1+1 = 3(dec) 11(Binary)

COMPUTER BINARY COMPUTATION

198
RULES:
0+0= 0 (bin)
1+1 = 2(dec) 10 = 1(bin) =
10(Bin)
1+1+1 = 3(dec) 11(Binary)
 INPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• Computer cannot understand our
language because it understands
only machine language and it can be
possible using some devices are
called input devices
• When we work with computer we
need to enter data and instructions
to the computer using these devices.
• These devices convert data and
instructions to a form that can be
recognized by the computer.
 INPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
Examples are:
Computer Mouse
Computer Keyboard
Joytsick or gamepad
Microphone
 INPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
KEYBOARD
Keyboard is the most commonly used input devices.
They allow data entry into a computer system by
pressing a set of keys neatly mounted on a keyboard
Contains some extra command keys and function
keys that affect the operation of computer or
keyboard itself
Types of keyboard :
(1). Standard keyboard
(2). Multimedia keyboard
(3).Wireless keyboard
 INPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
Mouse is the most popular point-and-draw device
It is a must-have input device on modern personal
computers
Has 2 or 3 buttons and can be clicked or double-clicked
to perform tasks.
Optical mouse doesn’t have a ball but uses a laser to
sense the motion.
Types of mouse:
(1). Serial mouse
(2).PS/2 mouse
(3).Optical mouse
(4).Wireless mouse
 INPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• Data scanning devices are input devices used
for direct data entry into a computer system
from source documents
• Common scanner devices are:
• (1).Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
(MICR) reader :- used by banks to process
large volumes of cheques and drafts
• (2).Optical Mark Reader (OMR) scanner :-
scanning the answer sheet of an objective
type test in which answers are marked by
darkening a square or circle space by pencil
 INPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• Data scanning devices are input devices
used for direct data entry into a
computer system from source documents
• Common scanner devices are:
• Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
scanner :- used for direct reading of any
printed character
• (4).Barcode reader :- used to read the
barcodes printed on practically every
item purchased from a department store
 INPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• A joystick is a pointing device that works
on the principle of trackball
• To make the movement of the spherical
ball easier, it is placed in a socket with a
stick mounted on it
• On most joysticks, a button on the top is
provided to select the option currently
pointed to by the cursor
• Commonly used for controlling player
movements in video or computer games
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• Devices that produce result base on
the given task.
• Translate information into human
readable form such as image,
sounds, text and etc.
Examples are:
Computer Monitor
Printer
Speaker
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• Monitors
• commonly called as Visual Display Unit
(VDU), are the main output device of a
computer. It forms images from tiny dots,
called pixels that are arranged in a
rectangular form.
• Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
• CRT monitors A cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a
specialized vacuum tube in which images are
produced when an electron beam strikes a
phosphorescent surface which produce images
in the form of video signals.
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• Monitors
• sadasd
• Flat Panel monitor
• These types of monitors are
lightweight and take less
space. They consume less
power as compared to CRT
monitors. These monitors are
more effective as they do not
provide harmful radiation.
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• Monitors
• Flat Panel monitor
• Liquid Crystal Display: LCD (Liquid
crystal display) screen contains a
substance known as liquid crystal.
LCD monitor uses fluorescent
backlights.
• LED monitor uses light-emitting
diodes for backlights. LED monitors
usually have superior picture quality,
but they come in varying backlight
configurations.
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
PIXEL
• is the basic unit of programmable color on a computer display
or in a computer image. Smallest unit in the digital display
DPI (Dot Per Inch)
• refers to the number of printed dots contained within one
inch of an image printed by a printer.
PPI (Pixel Per Inch)
• refers to the number of pixels contained within one inch of an
image displayed on a computer monitor
Resolution
• The quality or sharpness of the graphics. It indicates the
number of pixels that are displayed per inch for an image.
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• PRINTER
• A printer is a hardware output
device that is used to generate
hard copy and print any
document. A document can be
of any type such as a text file,
image, or the combination of
both.
• CYMK
(Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key)
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• PRINTER
• Inkjet Printer
• Has a nozzle like print head that
sprays ink into the paper to form
characters and graphics. The
print head in a color ink jet
printer consist of a series of
nozzles, each with its own ink
cartridge.
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• PRINTER
• Laser Printer
• It uses the same technology as
photocopier to paint dot of light
on a light sensitive drum.
Electrostatically charge are
collected and place into the
drum, then the toner is
transferred into the paper.
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• PRINTER
• Dot matrix Printer
• When the PCs first appeared in the
late 1970s, dot matrix printers
were the technology of choice. It
produces characters and graphics
by using a grid of fine wires. As the
print head noisily clatters across
the paper, the wires strike a ribbon
and paper in a pattern prescribed
by your computer
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• PRINTER
• Thermal Printer
• are most commonly used to
print items such as receipts and
shipping labels. It uses thermal
paper that has wax coat. Heat is
applied to the paper.
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• PRINTER
• 3D Printer
• It allows the creation of a physical
object from a three-dimensional
digital model, typically by laying down
many thin layers of a material in
succession.
• Designers use 3D printers to quickly
create product models and
prototypes, but they're increasingly
being used to make final products, as
well.
 OUTPUT DEVICE
COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES
• Speaker
• It receives audio signals from
your computer's processor and
outputs it as sound waves. Data
always flows to the speakers
from your computer which is the
same way all other output
devices operate.
HARDWARE
• Physical Parts of Computer
• Hardware is essential to
computer system
• They come from different size
and shape

Computer Hardware
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• System Unit
INPUT DEVICE
• Allow user to feed information
on the computer.
Examples are:
Computer Mouse
Computer Keyboard
Joytsick or gamepad
Microphone
OUTPUT DEVICE
• Devices that produce result
base on the given task.
• Translate information into
human readable form such as
image, sounds, text and etc.
Examples are:
Computer Monitor
Printer
Speaker
SYSTEM UNIT System Unit
CPU Heatsink Case

CPU
RAM

Motherboard

Hard Disk
Power Supply Drive
• A system unit is the part of a computer that houses the
primary devices that perform operations and produce results for
complex calculations.
POWER SUPPLY
UNIT (PSU)
• Converts mains AC to low-
voltage regulated DC power
needed by the other
components to function
• It is connected to motherboard
using its 8 and 24 pin socket
HARD DISK DRIVE
(HDD)
• Main storage device
• Non-Volatile device
• It stores data by magnetizing
microscopic particles from the
platter SATA
IDE
• Processing speed is measured
by RPM (Rotation per Minute)
• It is connected to motherboard
using SATA cable
RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY (RAM)
• Also known as “Memory”
• Volatile Device
• Responsible for holding the opened
Applications.
• Classified by double data rate (DDR)
Power
Word Operating
point
System
Google Background Power
Word Operating
Excel Chrom Services point
System
e Google Background
Excel Chrom Services
PSs e
MOTHER BOARD B.
E.
• Board with integrated E.
circuitry C. A.
• Known as the backbone F.
D.
• It allows other component to
communicate.
A. CPU Slot (LGA/AM)
B. RAM Slot (DDR)
C. Input/out put (I/O) ports
D. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Slots
E. 8 and 24 Pin connector for PSU
F. SATA (serial advanced technology attachmen) Port
CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT (CPU)
• Known as the brain of the computer
• Responsible for computing and
processing instructions base on the
given task.
• Computing speed is measured by or
Gigahertz (GHz)
• Uses heat sink to draw the heat
away
CPU Manufacturer:
Intel
LGA socket
AMD (Advance Micro Device)
AM Socket
ASSESSMENT

LETS BUILD A
PERSONAL
COMPUTER
Direction: Help Bob identify the component that is
being asked in order to complete his PC.
LET’S BUILD A PC
Okay! We'll start by laying out
the System Unit Case which
where we place the other
components.
LET’S BUILD A PC
1. Now that we have a System
Unit Case, we need to get the
component that distributes
electric current into usable
current for our other
components to work. What is
it?
Answer: Power Supply Unit
LET’S BUILD A PC
2. Okay! We already have our
PSU, we need the component
that is responsible for holding
other components, it also
serves as the spine or backbone
of the computer system. What
is it?
Answer: Motherboard
LET’S BUILD A PC
3. Next, is we need the
component that act as the brain,
it performs all the logical
operation needed to execute a
command. It is place under one
of motherboard’s slot. We can
have Intel or AMD. What is it?

Answer: Central Processing Unit

LET’S BUILD A PC
4. Now we need a component
or module where opened
programs are stored
temporarily. Hmm I’m
thinking of a 4 or 8gb to suite
my work well. What is it?

Answer: Random Access Memory

LET’S BUILD A PC
5. All I need to do now is
connect the hardware where
my data are stored. What is it?

Answer: Hard disk drive

GREAT JOB EVERYONE!
You have help me assemble my Desktop
Computer!
But how do I make my my computer operational
without any software?

Assignment: Differentiate System Software

and Application Software and give atleast
five example each.
 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING,
HOPE YOU LEARNED A LOT!

• Reference
• https://www.pngitem.com/download/boRhJx_intro-to-pc-components-transparent-
gaming-accessories-png/
• https://peda.net/kenya/ass/subjects2/computer-studies/form-1/the-computer-system
• Computer Concepts 15th Edition
- Page 88-97
- By: June Jamrich Parsons and Dan Oja
COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
A computer port is a slot or a
connection point on a computer,
similar to a plug point, where a
device can be connected.
The main function of a
computer port is to act as a point
of attachment, where the cable
from the peripheral can be
plugged in and allows data to flow
from and to the device
COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
Connector
Joins a cable and port. A connector
at one end of the cable attaches on
the system unit. A connector at
the other end of the cable attaches
to a port on the peripheral.
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
GENDER
MALE FEMALE CHANGER
Have one or more Have one or more Is a device that
exposed pins (end exposed pins (end enables to join a
of and electrical of and electrical port and
cord) cord) connector are
both female or
both male
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
Serial port(COM Port):
An asynchronous port on the
computer used to connect a serial
device to the computer and capable of
transmitting one bit at a time. Serial
ports are usually identified on IBM
compatible computers as COM
(communications) ports. Used for
external modems and older computer
mouse. Two versions: 9 pin, 25 pin
model. Data travels at 115 kilobits per
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
Parallel Port
As the name suggests, a parallel port
is an interface that allows
communication or data transfer
between a computer and a device in
a parallel manner through more
than one communication line. For
example, a printer port is a parallel
port. Used for scanners and 25 pin
model IEEE 1284-compliant
Centronics port.
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
PS/2
PS/2 connector is developed by IBM for
connecting mouse and keyboard. It was
introduced with IBM’s Personal
Systems/2 series of computers and hence
the name PS/2 connector. PS/2
connectors are color coded as purple for
keyboard and green for mouse.
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
A USB port is a standard cable connection
interface for personal computers and consumer
electronics devices. USB stands for Universal Serial
Bus, an industry standard for short-distance digital
data communications. USB ports allow USB devices
to be connected to each other with and transfer
digital data over USB cables
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
A USB port is a standard cable
connection interface for personal computers
and consumer electronics devices. USB
stands for Universal Serial Bus, an industry
standard for short-distance digital data
communications. USB ports allow USB
devices to be connected to each other with
and transfer digital data over USB cables
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
VGA port is found in many
computers, projectors, video cards and
High Definition TVs. It is a D-sub connector
consisting of 15 pins in 3 rows. The
connector is called as DE-15.
VGA port is the main interface
between computers and older CRT
monitors. Even the modern LCD and LED
monitors support VGA ports but the
picture quality is reduced. VGA carries
analogue video signals up to a resolution of
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
VGA port is found in many
computers, projectors, video cards and
High Definition TVs. It is a D-sub connector
consisting of 15 pins in 3 rows. The
connector is called as DE-15.
VGA port is the main interface
between computers and older CRT
monitors. Even the modern LCD and LED
monitors support VGA ports but the
picture quality is reduced. VGA carries
analogue video signals up to a resolution of
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
Digital Video Interface (DVI)
DVI is a high speed digital interface
between a display controller like a computer and
a display device like a monitor. It was developed
with an aim of transmitting lossless digital video
signals and replace the analogue VGA technology.
The digital signals can be either single link
or dual link where a single link supports a digital
signal up to 1920X1080 resolution and a dual link
supports a digital signal up to 2560X1600
resolution. The following image compares the
structures of DVI-I, DVI-D and DVI-A types along
with the pinouts.
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
HDMI (High Definition Media
Interface.)
HDMI is a digital interface to connect
High Definition and Ultra High Definition
devices like Computer monitors, HDTVs, Blu-
Ray players, gaming consoles, High Definition
Cameras etc.

HDMI can be used to carry uncompressed

video and compressed or uncompressed audio
signals. The HDMI port of type A is shown
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
HDMI (High Definition Media
Interface.)
HDMI is a digital interface to connect
High Definition and Ultra High Definition
devices like Computer monitors, HDTVs, Blu-
Ray players, gaming consoles, High Definition
Cameras etc.

HDMI can be used to carry uncompressed

video and compressed or uncompressed audio
signals. The HDMI port of type A is shown
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
Audio Ports
Audio ports are used to connect
speakers or other audio output devices with
the computer. The audio signals can be either
analogue or digital and depending on that
the port and its corresponding connector
differ
The jacks are color-coded green for
line-out -- for speakers or headphones -- blue
for line-in and pink for a microphone.
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
Ethernet Port
An Ethernet port (also called a jack or
socket) is an opening on computer network
equipment that Ethernet cables plug into.
Their purpose is to connect wired network
hardware in an Ethernet LAN, metropolitan
area network (MAN), or wide area network
(WAN). Ethernet is pronounced with a long
 COMPUTER STORAGE
SAVING ON STORAGE OPENNING FILE

Creating an Essay
Cabinet =
Permanent Storages

Desk= RAM

Accessing data on your storage is kinda slow but

Necessary. At least once.
Cabinet = Permanent Storages
 COMPUTER I/O SYSTEM
Storage Devices
An Ethernet port (also called a jack or
socket) is an opening on computer network
equipment that Ethernet cables plug into.
Their purpose is to connect wired network
hardware in an Ethernet LAN, metropolitan
area network (MAN), or wide area network
(WAN). Ethernet is pronounced with a long
 COMPUTER STORAGE
Primary Memory Examples
Primary Memory Random access memory (RAM) consists of addressable
storage areas for data and instructions in electronic format.
Primary memory is This storage is volatile. TYPE OF RAM:
electronic storage that is directly DDR (double data rate)
addressed by the CPU. This storage DRAM (dynamic RAM)

is volatile. Once electricity is SRAM (static RAM)

SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM)
powered off, the contents are lost. Size of RAM
While not suitable for long-term DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)
storage, RAM and ROM provides SODIMM (Small Outline DIMM)
the fast, electronic access to data
and instructions required for Read Only Memory (ROM)
processing by the CPU. A Non-volatile electronic storage that is typically built-in to a
device during manufacturing. normally, can only be read, not
written to. ROM contains the programming that allows a
 COMPUTER STORAGE: PRIMARY
MEMORY
Read Only Memory (ROM) Read Only Memory (ROM)
Most consumers won’t need to worry about the types of
Installed Software ROM, but it may be useful to know the terms so that you
Firmware can easily identify that it is, indeed, a ROM storage
Firmware assumes an intermediary role option. Here are each of the types of ROM.
between the hardware and software – Mask ROM: ROM that is “masked off,” or covered by
including potential future upgrades of the opaque plates called photomasks
software. Some firmware (such as the BIOS PROM: Programmable read-only memory
on a PC) does the job of booting up a EEPROM: Electronically erasable programmable read-
computer by initialising the hardware only memory
components and loading the operating
system. EPROM: Erasable programmable read-only memory
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
Is a firmware used to provide runtime Flash ROM
services for operating systems and programs Firmware is often stored in a physical device's flash ROM.
and to perform hardware initialization While ROM is "read-only memory," flash ROM is a sort of
during the booting process (power-on start- flash memory that can be wiped and overwritten.
 COMPUTER STORAGE: Secondary Storage
Peripheral devices are the Secondary Storage Devices
hardware components that Are the media that holds data
input, output, and permanently and instructions outside the system
store data and applications for unit for long periods of time. It is also
computer processing. Although called external storage or auxiliary
often located close to storage.
the system unit, they are
outside the main processing
circuitry and thus are
considered
peripheral
 COMPUTER STORAGE: Secondary Storage
Magnetic Storage Flash Memory
is a long-life and non-volatile storage chip that is widely
A magnetic disk is a storage device used in embedded systems. It is a computer memory
that uses a magnetization process to storage medium that can be electrically erased and
write, rewrite and access data. It is reprogrammed.
covered with a magnetic coating and
stores data in the form of tracks, Solid State Drive (SSD) - read and write data to an
spots and sectors. underlying set of interconnected flash memory
Hard Disk Drives (HDD) - are chips. These chips use floating gate transistors
composed of rigid platters mounted on (FGTs) to hold an electrical charge.
a spindle in an enclosed drive Flash Drive is a small, portable device that plugs
container into the USB port on your computer. USB drives are
Floppy Disk (Diskette) - consist of a commonly used for storage, data backup, and
flexible plastic disk coated with a transferring files between devices.
magnetic material that can be
magnetized to store data. SD (Secure Digital) Card used to read and write
large quantities of data in a wide variety of mobile
 COMPUTER STORAGE: Secondary Storage
Compact disc - Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) These are
Optical Disc Drive (ODD) like regular CDs but contain read-only media such as music,
data files or software. 700 mb is the maximum storage
uses laser technology to capacity.

read and write data on CD-RW (Rewritable) can read the same function as CD-ROM
drives discs but can also read and write data.
specially DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc ROM) Are the direct
evolution from CD-ROM drives. DVDs had greater capacity
coated reflective discs. The and performance. 4.7 gb is the maximum storage capacity.

origins of optical storage DVD-RW (Digital Versatile Disc ROM) can read the same
function as DVD-ROM drives discs but can also read and
can be traced to the early write data.
Blu-Ray (Disc) are the latest optical drives available. Blu-ray
1980s. drives are typically reserved for devices with high-definition
display capabilities, including high-end computers and the
PlayStation 3 video game console. It can support up to 25gb
of maximum storage capacity.
 COMPUTER STORAGE: Secondary Storage
Cloud Storage .It is a data storage service provided
by third-party companies that allows individuals and
organizations to store, access, and manage their
data, files, and applications over the internet. Cloud
storage is not the primary storage within a device or
computer; instead, it serves as an additional, remote
storage solution.
MALWARE
Malware (short for “malicious
software”) is a file or code,
typically delivered over a network,
that infects, explores, steals or
conducts virtually any behavior an
attacker wants. And because
malware comes in so many
variants, there are numerous
methods to infect computer
systems.
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS
A virus is a computer code or
program, which is capable of
affecting your computer data badly
by corrupting or destroying them.

It has the tendency to make its

duplicate copies at a swift pace, and
also spread it across every folder
and damage the data of your
computer system.
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS
A computer worm is a type of malicious
software program whose primary function is
to infect other computers while remaining
active on infected systems. A computer
worm is self-replicating malware that
duplicates itself to spread to uninfected
computers. Worms often use parts of an
operating system that are automatic and
invisible to the user. It is common for worms
to be noticed only when their uncontrolled
replication consumes system resources,
slowing or halting other tasks
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE
is a collection of computer programs and
related data that provides the instructions for telling
a computer what to do and how to do it.
Any set of instructions that guides the
hardware and tells how to accomplish each task.
Open Source - source code are available
openly into the public and can be modify by anyone.
Software's that don’t have any cost, Freeware.
Proprietary Software - The source codes are
publicly not available only the company that has
created can modify thus consumers need to pain in
order to gain access or download the software.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SYSTEM
SOFTWARE SOFTWARE
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
A group of computer
programs design for end user as it
helps the user accomplish real-
Office
world task.
It is design to perform a
specific task.
It is sometimes referred to as
“Apps”
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
is a computer software
designed to operate the computer
hardware to provide basic
functionality and to provide a
platform for running application
software.
It is used for computer centric
tasked.
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
MUSIC SOFTWARE
It offers many ways to work with
music, sound and narration from your
desktop, notebook, or handheld computers.

Some example features of Music Software:

• Download music and other sound files
• Play music and sound files
• Convert audio formats
• Record music and narrations
• Music Remixers/Audio Editing
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
AUDIO FILE EXTENSIONS
• MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer III) is the most popular of the
lossy formats.
• Advanced Audio Coding, or AAC files (also known as
MPEG-4 AAC), take up very little space and are good for
streaming, especially over mobile devices.
• Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) offers lossless
compression, and it’s free and open-source.
• WAV (Waveform Audio File) retains all the original data,
which makes it the ideal format for sound engineers.
• Ogg Vorbis is the free, open-source audio codec that
Spotify uses. It’s great for streaming, but the
compression results in some data loss.
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
VIDEO SOFTWARE
Are videos that enables the compute to play a
certain video or clip. Videos can be stream online or
play offline.
Video Editing Software, provides set of tools for
creating video productions from raw footage.
Examples:
Windows Movie Maker
Adobe After Effects, Premiere Pro
Wondershare Filmora
Apple iMovie
Pinnacle Studio
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
VIDEO FILE EXTENSIONS
• MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 14) is the most common type of video file format.
• MOV (QuickTime Film) stores high-quality video, audio and effects, but
these files tend to be quite large. Developed for QuickTime Player by
Apple, MOV files use MPEG-4 encoding
• WMV (Windows Media Viewer) files offer good video quality and large
file size like MOV. Microsoft developed WMV for Windows Media Player.
• AVI (Audio Video Interleave) works with nearly every web browser on
Windows, Mac and Linux machines. Developed by Microsoft, AVI offers
the highest quality but also large file sizes.
• Flash video formats FLV, F4V and SWF (Shockwave Flash) are designed
for Flash Player, but they’re commonly used to stream video on YouTube.
• MKV Developed in Russia, Matroska Multimedia Container format is free
and open source
• 3gp is a multimedia container format defined by the Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) for 3G UMTS multimedia services. It was
designed specifically for phones.
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
In computer lingo, the term graphics
refer to any picture, drawing, sketch, icon or
any other image related file.
Graphics software is design to help you
create and manipulate graphics.
• Raster images files are constructed by a
series of pixels, or individual blocks, to form
an image. JPEG, GIF, and PNG
• Vector images are far more flexible. They are
constructed using proportional formulas
rather than pixels. EPS, AI and PDF
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
DRAWING SOFTWARE
Provides a set of lines, shapes, and colors
that can be assembled into diagrams, corporate
logos, and schematics. Examples are:
Adobe Illustrator (AI) - is a vector graphics
editor and design program developed and
marketed by Adobe Inc.
Microsoft Paint – simple and faster pixel editor.
Corel Draw used in the professional space to
create brochures, newsletters, business card
etc.
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
PHOTO EDITING SOFTWARE
It has more powerful or advance features than a
simple photo editing tools.
Adobe Photoshop - a critical tool for designers, web
developers, graphic artists, photographers, and creative
professionals. It is widely used for image editing,
retouching, creating image compositions, website mock-
ups, and adding affects.
PicsArt – Make professional-level collages, design and add
stickers, quickly remove and swap backgrounds, try popular
edits.
GIMP is an acronym for GNU Image Manipulation
Program. It is a freely distributed program for such tasks as
photo retouching, image composition and image authoring.
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
3D GRAPHICS EDITING SOFTWARE
Provides a set of tools for creating 3d models
that uses wireframes that represent three-dimensional
objects. A wireframes acts as the foundation for any
3d graphics and covered by any texture in latter's
progress.
Blender - Blender is a free and open-source 3D
computer graphics software tool set used for creating
animated films, visual effects, art, 3D-printed models,
motion graphics, interactive 3D applications, virtual
reality, and, formerly, video games.
Autodesk Maya – 3d modelling software created by
autodesk
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
CAD (Computer-Aided Design)
is a special type of 3d graphics of
software designed for architect and
engineers who uses computer to create
blueprint and product specifications.
AutoCAD – Desktop software developed by
Autodes design and drafting used for creating
blueprints and other engineering plans.
SketchUp – is oriented towards architectural
applications, including interior design.
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
JPEG (or JPG) - Joint Photographic Experts Group
PNG - Portable Network Graphics
GIF - Graphics Interchange Format
TIFF - Tagged Image File
PSD - Photoshop Document
EPS - Encapsulated Postscript
AI - Adobe Illustrator Document
INDD - Adobe Indesign Document
RAW - Raw Image Formats
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARES
category of application programs that
help users produce things such as documents,
databases, graphs, spreadsheets and others

TRAVEL SOFTWARE
Software that helps the user traverse. It
uses location based feature such as GPS
(global positioning system) to detect accuracy.
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
APPLICATION
GAME SOFTWARE
the operational program or programs
that govern the play, display of results,
and /or awarding of prizes for games.

NETWORK BASED SOFTWARE

set of tools that helps users connect
and share information with other.
 PRESENTATION PROGRAM
It let the user create presentations Visme
from scratch or a template. Add text, images,
art, and videos. Select a professional design
Haiku Deck
with PowerPoint Designer. Prezi
It Display slideshows. Microsoft
Powerpoint
When Creating a Presentation: Canva
• Do not add too much content Google Slides
• Keep Bullets Short
• Summarize the content
Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication
• Creativity
- Leonardo de Vinci
 PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
1. Office Button
Choose this button to open a new presentation, save the
presentation, and access PowerPoint options.

2. Quick Access Toolbar

Also known as the QAT, this is a customizable toolbar
placed by default next to the Office Button, you can add
icons for your often used commands to this toolbar.

3. Ribbon
The Ribbon has tabs which in turn contain groups of
buttons for various options, some groups also contain
galleries (for example galleries for Themes and Theme
Colors).
 PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
4. Slides/Outline Pane
Normally placed on the left side of the interface, this pane
contains two tabs, the Slides tab and the Outline tab. The
Slides tab shows thumbnails of all the slides in the open
presentation.

5. Status Bar
A horizontal strip that provides information about the open
presentation like slide number, applied Theme, etc. It also
includes the view and zoom options.

6. Notes Pane
Directly below the active slide, this is where you input
speaker notes for the current slide. None of this content is
 PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
7. View Buttons
Essentially there are three view buttons displayed right
beneath on the status bar with zoom-in and zoom-out.

Normal View - Clicking this enables Normal view, Shift-

clicking this gets you to Slide Master view.
Slide Sorter View - Clicking this displays zoomable
thumbnails of every slide in the open presentation.
Shift-clicking this button gets you to Handout Master
view.
Slide Show from current slide - Show the presentation
as a full screen slideshow from the current selected
slide. Shift-clicking brings up the Set Up Show dialog
box.
 PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
8. Slide Area
Displays the active slide.

9. Task Pane
The Task Pane contains more options and appears when
you choose an option in one of the Ribbon tabs, for
example if you click the Clip Art button on the Insert tab
of the Ribbon, the Clip Art task pane opens (as shown in
the figure above on this page)

10. Mini Toolbar

This toolbar is not shown in the figure above, it's a semi-
transparent floating toolbar that spawns right next to the
 PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
Slide Layout
Multiple options and layouts are
available based on which a
presentation can be created. This
option is available under the
“Home” section and one can select
from the multiple layout options
provided.
 PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
Insert – Clipart, Video, Audio, etc.
nder the “Insert” category, multiple
options are available where one can
choose what feature they want to
insert in their presentation. This may
include images, audio, video, header,
footer, symbols, shapes, etc.
 PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
Insert – Clipart, Video, Audio, etc.
nder the “Insert” category, multiple
options are available where one can
choose what feature they want to
insert in their presentation. This may
include images, audio, video, header,
footer, symbols, shapes, etc.
 PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
Slide Design
PowerPoint has various themes using which
background colour and designs or textures can
be added to a slide. This makes the presentation
more colourful and attracts the attention of the
people looking at it.

This feature can be added using the “Design”

category mentioned on the homepage of MS
PowerPoint. Although there are existing design
templates available, in case someone wants to
add some new texture or colour, the option to
customise the design is also available.
 PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
Animations
During the slide show, the slides appear on
the screen one after the other. In case, one
wants to add some animations to the way
in which a slide presents itself, they can
refer to the “Animations” category.
 SEMI FINAL QZ Test 1
I.
1. MPEG-4 Part 14
2. Windows Media Viewer (NO S)
3. Education Software (No software means wrong)
4. Application software
5. Mpeg-3
6. Productivity Software
7. Travel Software
8. Global Positioning System
9. Operating System
10. Macintosh Operating System
11. Unixs
12. Vecor
13. Blender
14. Virtual Machine/Hypervisor/Virtualization
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
Programming language
translators:
It transforms the instructions
prepared by programmers in a
programming language into a form
that can be interpreted and
executed by a computer system.
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
• A programming language is an
artificial language designed to
communicate instructions to a
machine, particularly a computer. It
can be used to create programs that
control the behaviour of a machine
and/or to express algorithms
precisely.
• It is a set of words, symbols and
codes that enables humans to
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
TWO TYPES OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
LOW LEVEL LANG. (LL)
• Machine Language (1GL)
• Assembly Language (2GL)
HIGH LEVEL LANG. (HLL)
• Procedural-Oriented Language (3GL)
• Problem-Oriented Language (4GL)
• Natural Language (5GL)
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
MACHINE LANGUAGE (1GL)
1GL Represent the very early, primitive computer
languages that consisted entirely of 1's and 0's - the
actual language that the computer understands
(machine language).

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE (2GL)

Represent a step up from the first generation
languages. Allow for the use of symbolic names
instead of just numbers. Second generation languages
are known as assembly languages. Code written in an
assembly language is converted into machine
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
MACHINE LANGUAGE (1GL)
1GL Represent the very early, primitive computer
languages that consisted entirely of 1's and 0's - the
actual language that the computer understands
(machine language).

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE (2GL)

Represent a step up from the first generation
languages. Allow for the use of symbolic names
instead of just numbers. Second generation languages
are known as assembly languages. Code written in an
assembly language is converted into machine
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
PROCDURAL-ORIENTED LANGUAGE
(3GL)
With the languages introduced by the third
generation of computer programming, words and
commands (instead of just symbols and numbers)
were being used. These languages therefore, had
syntax that was much easier to understand. Third
generation languages are known high level
languages and include C, C++, Java, and Javascript,
among others.
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
Problem-Oriented Language (4GL)

These are languages that consist of statements

that are similar to statements in the human
language. These are used mainly in database
programming and scripting. Examples of these
languages include Perl, Python, Ruby, Structured
Query Language (SQL),
MatLab(MatrixLaboratory).
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
Natural Language (5GL)

These are the programming languages that have

visual tools to develop a program. Examples of
fifth-generation languages include Mercury, OPS5,
and Prolog.
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: JAVA

Java is a computer programming language. It

enables programmers to write computer
instructions using English-based commands instead
of having to write in numeric codes. It’s known as a
high-level language because it can be read and
written easily by humans. In the early 90s, Java,
which originally went by the name Oak and then
Green, was created by a team led by James Gosling
for Sun Microsystems, a company now owned by
Oracle.
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: C++

It is a high-level programming language

developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs. C++
adds object-oriented features to its predecessor,
C. C++ is one of the most popular programming
language for graphical applications, such as those
that run in Windows and Macintosh environments
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: C++
#include <iostream> is a header file library that lets us
work with input and output objects, such as cout Header
files add functionality to C++ programs.

Namespace std; means that we can use names for objects

and variables from the standard library.

COUT (pronounced "see-out") is an object used together

with the insertion operator (<<) to output/print text.

CIN (pronounced "see-in") is an object used together with

the insertion operator (>>) to get the value entered by the
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: C++
int main() is the main body funciton of
your program.

return 0 ends the main function.

; (semi-colon) it terminates the

statement as it lets the compiler know
that it's reached the end of a command.
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: VB.net

a third- generation event- driven programming

language and integrated development
environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM
programming model. Visual Basic is relatively easy
to learn and use.

I
 INTRO TO PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE NEATBEANS

IDE is a software application that helps programmers develop software

code efficiently. It increases developer productivity by combining
capabilities such as software editing, building, testing, and packaging in
an easy-to-use application.
Visual Studio

Syntax is the rules that defines the combinations of symbols that are
considered to be correctly structured statements or expressions in that
language.

A function is simply a “chunk” of code that you can use over and over Eclipse
again, rather than writing it out multiple times. It performs specific task
 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING,
HOPE YOU Learned A LOT!

Reference:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/
https://microcontrollerslab.com/difference-between-mainframes-and-mini-computer/
Wikipedia.com
https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/computerbasics/what-is-a-computer/1/
https://byte-notes.com/four-types-computers/