PRESENTATION ON

COMPUTER ORGANISATION
PRESENTED BY: ANTARYAMI MUDULI
Contents:

 Introduction to Computer
 Evolution of Computer
 Generation of Computers
 Classification of Computers
 Basic Organization of Computer
 Computer Memory and Classification of Memory
Introduction to Computer:

1. A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data. It has the

ability to store, retrieve, and process data.

2. A computer is an electronic machine that processes raw data to give information as

output.
3. An electronic device that accepts data as input, and transforms it under the influence
of a set of special instructions called Programs, to produce the desired output (referred
to as Information).
Program:
 A computer Program is a set of related instructions written in the language of the
computer & is used to make the computer perform a specific task.
Data:
1. Data is a collection of raw facts, figures or instructions that do not have much meaning to the
user.
2. Data may be in form of numbers, alphabets/letters or symbols, and can be processed to
produce information.

Types of Data
There are two types/forms of data:
Digital (discrete) data:
Digital data is discrete in nature. It must be represented in form of numbers, alphabets or symbols
for it to be processed by a computer.
E.g. 1, 2, 3…
 Analogue (continuous) data:
Analogue data is continuous in nature. The data is obtained by measurement. E.g. Pressure,
Temperature, Humidity, Lengths or currents, etc.
Information:
 Information is the data which has been refined, summarized & manipulated in the way you want it, or
into a more meaningful form.
Evolution of Computers :

1. Evolution of Computers Computer evolution refers to the change in computer technology right from
the time computers were first used to the present.

2. As computing evolves to higher system levels, so its design also changes, from technical to socio-
technical design. The series of the evolution of computers are given below.
I. Abacus
II. Pascaline
III. Punched card equipment
IV. ABC
V. UNIVAC –I

Abacus

1. The present day computers are a result of an evolutionary process which started way back in 500 B.C. when
Egyptian used a machine which is an early form of Abacus.

2. Abacus is attributed to the Chinese and Japanese. This is a machine, which was used for addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division operation.

Pascaline

1. In 1645 a device known as Pascaline was invented by French mathematician Blaise Pascal.

2. The device was operated by dialing a set of wheels. In 1671 Leibniz improved on Pascal's adding
machine and invented the Leibniz's Calculator.
 Difference engine
1.In 1822 Charles Babbage invented a Difference Engine.
2. The purpose of this device was to calculate the roots of polynomial equations and prepare
astronomy table for the British Navy.
3. He upgraded this to, invent an Analytical engine, which could store program instructions
initially coded on punched cards and subsequently shared internally.
4. Therefore Charles Babbage is known as the father of computers.

Punched card equipment

1. In 1890 Dr. H. Hollerith developed punched card equipment.
2. This equipment read the holes punched in the card and mechanically performed the
statistical analysis.
 ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer )
1. The first pure electronic computer was invented by J. V. Atanasoff and C. Berry which is known
as Atanasoff- Berry Computer or ABC.
2. It used vacuum tubes for both data storage and data computation.
3 .Subsequently Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was designed and
accepted as the general purpose computer.

UNIVAC
1. In 1945 John Von Neumann first gave the idea of sharing the same internal memory for storing
both data and instruction, which was subsequently adopted in every computer organization.

2. On this principle subsequently Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC-1) was invented

Generation of Computers:
Nowadays, a computer can be used to type documents, send email, play games, and browse
the Web. But the evolution of this complex system started around 1940 with the first Generation of
Computer and evolving ever since.

FIRST GENERATION:
1. 1946-1959 is the period of first generation computer. It is the first successful electronic computer
called ENIAC, ENIAC stands for ―Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator.
2. It made use of vacuum tubes which are the only electronic component available during those days. in
milliseconds. These were very big in size. These computers were very costly.
SECOND GENERATION:
1. 1959-1965 is the period of second-generation computer. Second generation computers were based on Transistor
instead of vacuum tubes.
2. Less energy and not produce as much heat as the first generation. Constant maintenance was required.
THIRD GENERATION:
3. 1965-1971 is the period of third generation computer. These computers were based on Integrated circuits.
4. These computers were cheaper as compared to second-generation computers. They were fast and reliable. IC
chips are difficult to maintain.
FOURTH GENERATION:
5. 1971-1980 is the period of fourth generation computer.
6. This technology is based on Microprocessor. A microprocessor is used in a computer for any logical and
arithmetic function to be performed in any program.
7. Fastest in computation and size get reduced as compared to the previous generation of computer. Heat
generated is negligible.
FIFTH GENERATION:
1. The period of the fifth generation in 1980-onwards.This generation is based on artificial intelligence.
This generation is based on ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology resulting in the production
of microprocessor chips.
2. It is more reliable and works faster. It provides computers with more user-friendly interfaces with
multimedia features.

Classification of Computers:
All the modern computers are broadly classified into the following three categories.
Analog computers:
Are mostly used in industries in process control activities. These computers work on analog data
such as variation in temperature, pressure, speed, voltage etc. The uses of such computers are
very limited.
Digital computers:
These computers are general purpose computers, which work on digital / binary data. The speed
and accuracy with which these computers work are very high. Digital computers are classified into the
following four categories:
 Super Computers.
 Mainframe Computers.
 Mini Computers.
 Micro Computer

Super Computers:
1. These computers are specifically designed to maximize the processing of floating point
instructions.
2. Such computers are very expensive and used in very high-end numerical processing,
geographical information system, etc.
 3. The speed of processing of super computers are measured in GFLOPS i.e., Giga Floating Point
Operations Per Second.
Mainframe computers:
1. These computers are intended for substantial high volume data processing.
2. Processing speed – 30 to 100 million instruction per second (MIPS) and Word length – More than 64
bits.
3. It is used in space research, university connectivity, Wide area network (WAN) implementation etc.
Mini Computers:
4. Fairly large primary memory. Medium scale processing capability i.e., lesser than mainframe but
higher than personal computers.
5. Can connect up to 500 terminals on LAN and Supports wide range of application areas.
6. The field of engineering and scientific organizations, Educational Institutes, Universities,
Small/medium business organizations.
7. Processing speed – 10 to 30 MIPS and Word length – 32 bits.
Micro computers:
1. This is the smallest and least expensive computers are or personal computers popularly known as PC.
2. These computers are portable and it require minimum power.
3. Processing power is appropriate for handling most of the tasks.
4. Memory capacity is sufficient to handle most of the tasks.
5. Processor – I 8086 / I 8088 microprocessor. Memory is 640 KB of RAM.
Hybrid computers:

6. Practically Hybrid computer are used to control the entire process.

7. The analog feature of such computer enables it to measure the physical quantities such a
temperature, pressure, voltage level etc. and convert them to digital data.
Basic Organization of Computer :
A digital computer is considered to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic operations. To be
able to process data the computer is made of various functional units to perform its specified task.
Input Device:
1. Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve any problem. The input unit
consists of one or more input devices.
2. Keyboard is the one of the most commonly used input device. Other commonly used input devices
are the Mouse, Scanner, Microphone etc. All the functions of input devices are given below:
3. Supply the converted data to the computer system for further processing.

Central Processing Unit:

The Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer are together known as the
Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is like brain performs the following functions:
1.It performs all calculations.
2.It takes all decisions.
3.It controls all units of the computer.
Arithmetic Logical Unit:
All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer. The ALU can perform
basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and does logic operations viz,
>, <, =, ‗etc.
Control Unit:
1. It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input unit, where to store the
data after receiving it from the user.
2. It controls the flow of data and instructions from the storage unit to ALU. It also controls the flow of
results from the ALU to the storage unit.

Output Device:
The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation to outside world. Printers, Visual
Display Unit (VDU) Speaker, Headphone, and Projector etc are the commonly used output device.
Storage Unit:
1. The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions that are entered through the input unit,
before they are processed.
2. It also saves the data for the later use.
3. The various storage devices of a computer system are divided into two categories.
Primary Storage:
4. Stores and provides very fast. This memory is generally used to hold the program being
currently executed in the computer.
5. The primary memory is temporary in nature. The data is lost, when the computer is
switched off.
Secondary Storage:
It stores several programs, documents, data bases etc. Whenever the results are saved, again
they get stored in the secondary memory. The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than the
primary memory. Some of the commonly used secondary memory devices are Hard disk, CD, etc.
Memory Size:
1. All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0‘s and 1‘s. Each character or a number is
represented by an 8-bit code.
2. The set of 8 bits is called a byte.
3. A character occupies 1-byte space and a numeric occupies 2- byte space.
4. Byte is the space occupied in the memory.
5. The size of the primary storage is specified in KB (Kilobytes) or MB (Megabyte). One KB is equal to
1024 bytes and one MB is equal to 1000KB.
Computer Memory and Classification of Memory:

6. Computer memory is a generic term for all of the different types of data storage technology that a
computer may use, including RAM, ROM, and flash memory.
7. Another way that computer memory can vary is that some types are non-volatile, which means they
can store data on a long term basis even when there is no power.
3. And some types are volatile, which are often faster, but which lose all the data stored on them as soon
as the power is switched off.

Types of Computer Memory: Primary and Secondary

4. Primary memory includes ROM and RAM, and is located close to the CPU on the computer
motherboard, enabling the CPU to read data from primary memory very quickly indeed.
5. Secondary memory by contrast, is usually physically located within a separate storage device, such as
a hard disk drive or solid state drive (SSD), which is connected to the computer system either directly
or over a network.
Primary Memory Types:
There are two key types of primary memory:
1.RAM, or random access memory
2.ROM, or read-only memory
RAM Computer Memory:
1. The most important things to understand about RAM are that RAM memory is very fast, it
can be written to as well as read, it is volatile (so all data stored in RAM memory is lost when it
loses power) .
2. RAM is available in several different types, including DRAM OR Dynamic RAM, SRAM OR
Static RAM.
DRAM:
3. DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM, and it is the most common type of RAM used in computers.
4. The oldest type is known as single data rate (SDR) DRAM, but newer computers use faster dual data
rate (DDR) DRAM. DDR comes in several versions including DDR2 , DDR3, and DDR4, which offer
better performance and are more energy efficient than DDR
SRAM:
1.SRAM stands for Static RAM, and it is a particular type of RAM which is faster than DRAM, but more
expensive and bulker, having six transistors in each cell.
2.For those reasons SRAM is generally only used as a data cache within a CPU itself or as RAM in very
high-end server systems.
ROM Computer Memory :
1. ROM is available in several different ROM stands for read-only memory while data can be read
from this type of computer memory, data cannot normally be written to it.
2. ROM is a type of non-volatile memory, which means that the data stored in ROM persists in the
memory even when it receives no power for example when the computer is turned off.
3. ROM is available in several different types, including PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
PROM:
1. PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only Memory.
2. It is different from true ROM in that while a ROM is programmed (i.e. has data written to it) during the
manufacturing process.
EPROM:
3. EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
4. Data stored in an EPROM can be erased and the EPROM reprogrammed.
5. Erasing an EPROM involves removing it from the computer and exposing it to ultraviolet light before
reburning it.
EEPROM:
6. EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
7. In that sense EEPROM is not strictly read-only. However in many cases the write process is slow.
8. So it is normally only done to update program code.
Secondary Memory:
These are some characteristics of secondary memory, which distinguish it from primary memory.
1. It is non-volatile, i.e. it retains data when power is switched off
2. It is large capacities to the tune of terabytes
3. It is cheaper as compared to primary memory
There are two types of secondary memory – fixed and removable.
THANK YOU