ELECTRICAL MACHINES

By Dr. M. Chinna Obaiah,

Assistant Professor (Sr), SELECT, VIT Vellore.
 AC Machines
Transformers,
Induction motors
Synchronous motors
 Transformers
 Transformer is a static electromagnetic device designed to transform AC energy from
one voltage level into another voltage level without altering the energy level
(considering zero power loss).
 Application: Transformers play a major role in electric power engineering and are a
necessary part of the electric power transmission and distribution network.

 Construction: A transformer consisting of two electrical circuits which are magnetically

coupled by a common ferromagnetic core (silicon steel laminations) and permits a
“transformation” of the voltage and current between one circuit and the other.
 One coil is termed the primary winding which is connected to the supply of electricity,
and
 the other the secondary winding, which may be connected to a load.

3
Working principle:
 A transformer operates on the principles of mutual inductance, between two
inductively conducted coils.
 When the secondary is an open-circuit and an alternating voltage Vp is applied to the
primary winding, a small current—called the no-load current I0 —flows, which sets up
a magnetic flux in the core.
 This alternating flux links with both primary and secondary coils (N 1 and N2 turns,
respectively) and induces in them e.m.f.’s of E1 and E2 respectively by mutual
induction.
 The induced e.m.f. E in a coil of N turns is given by
=4.44fN volts

 In an ideal transformer, the rate of change of

flux is the same for both primary and E1 E2
secondary and thus E1/N1=E2/N2, i.e. the
induced e.m.f. per turn is constant.

 Assuming no losses, E1=Vp and E2=Vs. Hence

Vp/N1 = Vs/N2 or Vp/Vs = N1/N2
 Vp/Vs is called the voltage ratio and N1/N2 the turns ratio, or the ‘transformation ratio’ of
the transformer.
 When a load is connected across the secondary winding, a current Is flows.
 Three Phase Induction Motors

 The induction motor is the most widely used electric machine, because of its relative
simplicity of construction.
 The primary advantage of the induction machine, which is almost exclusively used as a
motor (its performance as a generator is not very good), is that no separate excitation is
required for the rotor.
 Three Phase IM is Self-starting.
 It is basically an AC transformer with a rotating secondary

 Most of the industrial loads are inductive, especially 3 phase induction motors (70%) are
widely used in industrial applications for continuous operation.

 Applications: pumps, compressors, conveyor belts, grinders.

Construction
 An induction motor has two main parts
 a stationary stator
 consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core
 core, constructed from stacked laminations, having a number of
evenly spaced slots, providing the space for the stator winding

Stator of IM
Construction
 a revolving rotor
 composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor slots,
providing space for the rotor winding
 one of two types of rotor windings
 conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor) » similar to
the winding on the stator
 aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings, forming a
squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
 Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
 squirrel-cage Induction motor
 wound-rotor Induction motor Slip rings

Wound rotor
Squirrel cage rotor
Cutaway in a typical wound-rotor Induction Motor.
 Rotating Magnetic Field
 The operation of Three-Phase Induction motor and Synchronous motor is depending on
the production of rotating magnetic field.

 Balanced three phase windings, i.e. mechanically

displaced 120 degrees form each other, fed by balanced
three phase source.
 Let us assume that a three phase sinusoidal current flows
in the three windings ‘R’, ‘Y’ and ‘B’, which produces 3
phase magnetic flux's with maximum flux as shown in
figure below.

 The instantaneous flux's are

𝜙𝑌 𝜙𝐵 𝜙𝑅
 𝜙𝑌 𝜙𝐵 𝜙𝑅

At point 0 where :

The resultant flux from parallelogram law of

vector addition: .
At point 1 where :

The resultant flux is:

 𝜙𝑌 𝜙𝐵 𝜙𝑅

At point 2 where :

The resultant flux is: .

At point 3 where :

The resultant flux is:

 From point 0 to 3, r.m.f rotates 90. So for 2-
pole induction machine, one cycle of the
current make one revolution of the r.m.f. field.
 For 4-pole IM, two cycles of the current make
one revolution of r.m.f.

 From this we can find the speed of the r.m.f, i.e.

Cycles of current = P/2 x revolution of r.m.f.

Cycles of current/sec = P/2 x revolution of r.m.f./sec
f = P/2 x (Ns/60)

 A rotating magnetic field with constant magnitude is produced, rotating with a speed

Where
f is the supply frequency,
P is the no. of poles and
Ns is called the synchronous speed in rpm (revolutions per minute)
 Principle of operation
 This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and produces an induced voltage in
the rotor windings
 Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for both squirrel cage and
wound-rotor, and induced current flows in the rotor windings
 The rotor current produces another magnetic field
 A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those two magnetic fields

 At what speed will the IM run?

 Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
 If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same speed of the rotating
magnetic field, then the rotor will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and
the rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no induced current will flow in
the rotor and no rotor magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is generated and
the rotor speed will fall below the synchronous speed
 When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut the rotor windings and a
torque is produced
Induction motor speed
 So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the synchronous speed
 The difference between the motor speed and the synchronous speed is called the Slip
speed

Where Nslip= slip speed

Ns= speed of the magnetic field
Nr= mechanical shaft speed of the motor

The Slip:
𝑁𝑠−𝑁𝑟
𝑠=
𝑁𝑠
Where s is the slip
Note: if the rotor runs at synchronous speed: s=0
if the rotor is stationary: s=1
• Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above eq. by 100, notice that
the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units
 Single Phase Induction Motors
 The rotor in single phase induction motor is of squirrel cage rotor type.
 The construction of single phase induction motor is almost similar to the squirrel cage
three phase motor except that in case of asynchronous motor the stator have two
windings instead of one as compare to the single stator winding in
three phase induction motor.
 Due to the stator winding is fed from a single-phase supply, the flux in the air gap is
alternating only, not a synchronously rotating one produced by a poly-phase (may be
two- or three-) winding in the stator of IM.
 This type of alternating field cannot produce a torque , if the rotor is stationery.
 So, a single-phase IM is not self-starting, unlike a three-phase one.
 However, if the rotor is initially given some torque in either direction, then immediately
a torque is produced in the motor.
Why Single Phase Induction Motor is not Self Starting?
 According to the Double Field Revolving Theory (DFRT), any alternating quantity can
be resolved into two components, each component have magnitude equal to the half of the
maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity and both these component rotates with
synchronous speed in opposite direction to each other.

 For example – the alternating or pulsating flux, is produced in stator of IM, from DFRT
it can be resolved into two components of magnitude and they will rotate in opposite
direction to each other with synchronous speed.

 The resultant of these two component of flux at any instant of time, gives the value of
instantaneous stator flux at that particular instant.

 At starting position, these two components of alternating flux are equal in magnitude and
rotate in opposite direction to each other, therefore net torque produced in air gap is zero.
 Starting methods of Single Phase IM
 The single-phase IM has no starting torque, but has resultant torque, when it rotates at
any other speed, except synchronous speed.

 To produce rotating magnetic field in single phase IM of stator, it is required to introduce

auxiliary winding at a space angle of 90o in addition to the main winding.

 To produce a maximum starting torque, the current at the main and auxiliary windings
must be at the angle of 90o.

 The various starting methods used in a single-phase IM are:

 Resistance Split-phase Motor

 Capacitor-start Motor
 Capacitor-start and Capacitor-run Motor
 Capacitor Split-phase Motor
 Shaded-pole Motor
 Resistance Split-phase Motor
 Auxiliary winding resistance is high compared to
main winding.
 The switch, S (centrifugal switch) is in series with the
auxiliary winding. It automatically cuts out the
auxiliary or starting winding, when the motor attains
a speed close to full load speed.
 Applications: fan, saw, small lathe, centrifugal
pump, blower, office equipment, washing machine,
etc.
Schematic diagram

torque-speed characteristics phasor diagram

 Capacitor-start Motor
A capacitor along with a centrifugal switch is
connected in series with the auxiliary winding.

Applications: compressor, conveyor, machine

tool drive, refrigeration and air-conditioning
equipment, etc.

Schematic diagram

torque-speed characteristics
phasor diagram
 Capacitor-start and Capacitor-run Motor
 two capacitors − C1 for starting, and C2 for
running, are used

 The efficiency of the motor is higher.

Applications: compressor, refrigerator, etc.

 Capacitor Split-phase Motor

A capacitor is connected in series with the

auxiliary winding.

Applications:
ceiling fans, air circulator, blower, etc.
 Shaded-pole Motor
 The stator of the shaded pole single phase induction motor has salient or projected
poles.
 These poles are shaded by copper band or ring which is inductive in nature. The poles are
divided into two unequal halves.
 The smaller portion carries the copper band and is called as shaded portion of the pole.

 The flux in shaded pole lags behind the flux in the unshaded pole. The phase difference
between these two fluxes produces resultant rotating flux.
 The direction of this field is from non shaded part of the pole to the shaded part of the
pole.

 Applications: These motors are

only suitable for low power
applications e.g., to drive: small
fans, Toys, Hair driers, Desk
fans etc.

 The power rating of such motors

is upto about 30 W.
• On starting, a current is induced into the shaded poles from the main poles by
transformer action. The shading coils establish a magnetic field which is out of phase with
that established by the main fields and a shifting field is produced sufficient to give the
desired starting torque. When current is induced into the shading coils, a flux is built up
which opposes the flux which produces it.