SINTAX

SINTAX
PROF. MSC. VERA PIMENTEL

THE PURPOSE OF SINTAX
 Linguistics and grammarians who study sintax are not
necessarily prescriptivist, which means they do not attemp to
tell people how to “correctly” for a sentence.
 Rather, they are descriptivist, in that look at how people
actually speak and then create rules to describe what language
community considers grammatical or non- grammatical.
 Sintax deals with a number of elements, all which help to
facilitate being understood through language. Without rules,
there would be no foundation formwhich to discern meaning
from a bunch os word strung together; whereas these rules
allow for a virtually infinite number of sentences.
WORD ORDER IN LANGUAGE
CONSTRUCTION
 Perhaps, the most important aspect of sintax is
how the various parts of speech connect together.
 Every language has rules that dictates where

certain types of words can be used in a sentence,
and how to interpret the resulting sentence.
 A new language learner has to understand how

this word order is structured, which can be
difficult for someone used to a different
language.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF CLAUSES
 There are many definitions of clauses. It seems that
every grammarian has his own definition of clause.
 Usually what is said to students is that a sentence is a

"complete idea”, that is, it has "subject and predicate
expressed or implied.”
 These are the most commonly accepted definitions,

although it is best not to worry about definitions, to
analyze some practical examples of clauses and
elements that can be found in them.
 For example, emails are written in abbreviated language,
eliminating non-essential words to the text.
 Thus, the clause "I am arriving tomorrow" can be "arriving
tomorrow” and make full sense if the receiver knows who is
the subject of the action.
 The meaning can always be transmitted clearly and objectively
in simple words or short sentences, since there is a context that
supplies words which are not explicitly placed.
OBSERVE THESE WORDS BELOW:
 TOURIST TRIP RESTAURANT SMALL
 TOWN CUP COFFEE WAITRESS
 UNPLEASANT EXPRESSION WANTED POLITE
 SMILED LOOKS RAIN FROWN HIM TASTES

 Placed separately, these words does not have sense,
though they may have it individually.
 It could be advised of some possibilities of sense, but
that would be failed.
 The words have more meaning when used in group in
sentences, as:
 TOURIST ON A TRIP;
 RESTAURANT IN A SMALL TOWN;
 CUP OF COFFEE;
 WANTED TO BE POLITE;
 WAITRESS WITH UNPLEASANT EXPRESSION.
 LOOKS RAIN
THE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
 The sentences written in the previous slide give us the
possibility to guess its meaning, since they are not
disconnected.
 Punctuation also helps you gain meaning. For example, "I
am arriving tomorrow" is with quotation marks, because
they are speeches spoken literally by someone.
 The group of words, however, still does not lead us to a
complete meaning. Was it the tourist or the waitress who
tried to be polite? Whoever said, "looks like it's going to
rain?" None of these groups can be considered a clause ,
since at least one of the essential elements of clause is
missing. Some of the previous sentences have no subject;
others have neither subject nor predicate.
 In speech, one uses phrases, structures and even
individual words as a complete sentence, since, as in
email, they have completed meaning in the context,
which they occur.
 Standard English conventions require that most
sentences contain both subject and predicate in this
order. These conventions dictate how these elements
can be modified by the use of markers or
complements.
 The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about.

 The predicate tells something about the subject.
JUDY AND HER DOG RUN ON THE
BEACH EVERY MORNING.
JUDY AND HER DOG RUN ON THE
BEACH EVERY MORNING
Firstfind the verb and then
make a question by placing
“who?'' or “what?'' before it.
The answer is the subject,
Judy and her dog.
We spilled popcorn on the floor.
What is the verb of this

sentence?
We spilled popcorn on the floor.

What is the subject? We
Andthe predicate? spilled

popcorn on the floor.
SIMPLE SUBJECT AND
SIMPLEPREDICATE
Every subject is built
around one noun or
pronoun (or more).
 When all other words
are removed the simple
subject is left.
Simple Subject
A piece of chocolate
candy would taste great.
The main word in the subject is the noun

“piece'' with the other words of the subject –
“a'' and “of pepperoni pizza'' – tell about the
noun”piece'' is the simple subject.
Simple Predicate
A simple predicate is
always the verb or
verbs that links up with
the subject.
A piece of chocolate candy
would taste great.
The simple predicate is “would
taste'' -- in other words,
the verb of the sentence.
QUIZ SIMPLE SUBJECT AND SIMPLE
PREDICATE
 Enable Sharing
 SOC-38557267
Compound Subject
A sentence may have a
compound subject -- a
simple subject made up of
more than one noun or
pronoun.
CAN YOU FIND THE COMPOUND
SUBJECTS?
Her uncle and she walked

slowly through the art gallery
and admired the beautiful
pictures exhibited there.
ANSWER
Her uncle and she walked

slowly through the art
gallery and admired the
beautiful pictures exhibited
there.
QUIZ COMPOUND SUBJECT
 Enable Sharing
 SOC-38557481
Can you find the compound
subject in each sentence below?
1. My little brother and my cousin broke their fingers.
2. His Uncle Bob and Aunt Betty asked for
directions.
3. Those soldiers and agents carried guns.
4. Our babysitter and her friend arrived late.
ANSWERS
1. My little brother and my cousin broke their
fingers.
2. His Uncle Bob and Aunt Betty asked for
directions.
3. Those soldiers and agents carried guns.
4. Our babysitter and her friend arrived late.
Compound Predicate
A compound predicate, is
more than one verb relating to
the same subject.
Mother mopped and scrubbed
the kitchen floor
Can you find the compound
predicate in each sentence below?
1. My little brother bruised and
broke his finger.
2. His Uncle Bob looked and asked
for directions.
3. Those soldiers carried and used
guns.
4. Our babysitter overslept and
arrived late.
ANSWERS
1. My little brother bruised and

broke his finger.
2. His Uncle Bob looked and asked
for directions.
3. Those soldiers carried and used
guns.
4. Our babysitter overslept and
arrived late.
COMPLETE SUBJECT
The complete subject is the part

of the sentence that tells who or
what the sentence is about.
Examples:
Samantha studied for an hour to be ready for
subject
the English test.
Madison's mother says that she should give

subject
some of her toys away.
Our new puppy enjoys the safety of being in

subject
her crate.
IDENTIFY THE COMPLETE SUBJECT FROM THE
FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
1.Jackson jumped in the water to take a swim.
2. Samuel's older sister is his best friend.
3. Benjamin and Jackson no longer play in the school band.

 In each sentence below, underline the complete
subject and circle the simple subject.
 1. Menna typed on the computer keyboard.
 2. The first grade teacher wrote the lesson on the board.
 3. The ridiculously tall hat blocked my view in the movie

theater.
 4. My favorite video game was on sale at the store.
 5. The energetic children ran around on the playground.
 6. The lady with the hairnet on served lunch in the

cafeteria.
COMPLETE PREDICATE
The complete predicate is the
part of the sentence that contains
the verb and tells something about
the subject such as what the
subject does, has, or is.
COMPLETE PREDICATE EXAMPLES:
 The rain poured down from the sky.
 (What did the rain do? It poured down from the sky. Poured down from the
sky is the complete predicate.)
 The singer finished her last song.

 (What did the singer do? She finished her last song. Finished her last song is
the complete predicate)
 The new tent is easy to assemble.

 (What is the new tent? It is easy to assemble. Is easy to assemble is the
complete predicate.)
 In each sentence below, underline the compound
predicate, and circle the compound subject.
 1. Apples and oranges grow on trees.
 2. Farmers pick oranges and package them for sale.
 3. Tina and her sisters sang for the church choir.
 4. Silva or Kevin will show the students how to use the

lab.
 5. We ate and slept in the trailer.
 6. The ceiling and walls of her bedroom are the same

color..
EXERCISE OF COMPOUND SUBJECT
AND COMPOUND PREDICATE.
 https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=co
mpound-subject-predicate-assessment-brooks
.
 EXERCISE OF SIMPLE SUBJECT AND SIMPLE

PREDICATE:
 https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/exercises/
Simple_Subjects_and_Simple_Predicates_Ex2.aspx
 EXERCISE OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE:

 Enable Sharing
 SOC-38686372

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PROF. MSC. VERA PIMENTEL

 Every language has rules that dictates where

 A new language learner has to understand how

 Usually what is said to students is that a sentence is a

 These are the most commonly accepted definitions,

 TOWN CUP COFFEE WAITRESS

 UNPLEASANT EXPRESSION WANTED POLITE

 SMILED LOOKS RAIN FROWN HIM TASTES

 RESTAURANT IN A SMALL TOWN;

 WAITRESS WITH UNPLEASANT EXPRESSION.

 The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about.

What is the verb of this

We spilled popcorn on the floor.

Andthe predicate? spilled

The main word in the subject is the noun

Her uncle and she walked

Her uncle and she walked

1. My little brother bruised and

The complete subject is the part

Madison's mother says that she should give

Our new puppy enjoys the safety of being in

1.Jackson jumped in the water to take a swim.

2. Samuel's older sister is his best friend.

3. Benjamin and Jackson no longer play in the school band.

 2. The first grade teacher wrote the lesson on the board.

 3. The ridiculously tall hat blocked my view in the movie

 5. The energetic children ran around on the playground.

 6. The lady with the hairnet on served lunch in the

 The singer finished her last song.

 The new tent is easy to assemble.

 2. Farmers pick oranges and package them for sale.

 3. Tina and her sisters sang for the church choir.

 4. Silva or Kevin will show the students how to use the

 6. The ceiling and walls of her bedroom are the same

 EXERCISE OF SIMPLE SUBJECT AND SIMPLE

 EXERCISE OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE:

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