Chapter 4

Network and Internet

Feb 2024
 Data Communication

Data Communication technology means method by which data is transferred from

one location to another. This development is used for computer networks.
Basic Elements of a Communication System
There are 3 basic elements of any communication system are:
 A sender (source), which creates and send the message to be transmitted.
 A medium, which carries the message.
 A receiver (sink or object), which receives the message.
 Data Communication

➔ The electronic systems, which transfer data from one point to another,
are called data communication systems.
Medium (Channel)
Sender Receiver
(Source) (Object or Sink)

Creates the message Receives the message

Fig: Basic Elements of a communication system

 Transmission Media

➔ Transmission media is the means used to establish communication

channel. It is through transmission media that data moves from source to
destination during communication.
➔ There are two types of transmission media:
 Guided transmission media
 Unguided transmission media
 Guided Transmission Media

➔ In guided transmission media, the data follows a definite path. This path
is wire or cable. When data is communicated over guided media, it
follows a definite path, the wire/cable. There are three types of guided
media:
➔ Twisted pair cable
➔ Coaxial Cable
➔ Fiber optic cable
 Twisted Pair Cable

 Contains pairs of plastic-coated wires that are twisted

 Made of copper

Two types:
○ Shielded twisted pair (STP)
○ Unshielded twisted pair(UTP)
The standard connector for UTP cable is RJ-45. RJ-stands for Registered Jack.
UTP cable has four pairs of wires (8 wires in general) in each cable.
 Coaxial Cable

● It has a single copper conductor at its center. It has braided metal shield that
prevents electromagnetic interference. The metallic braid/shield traps
electromagnetic interference that distorts our data.
 Used in cable TVs
 It uses a connector called BNC
 Fiber Optic cable

➔ Fiber optic cables transmit data as pulses of light.

➔ The data is sent in the form of light in these cables.
➔ Those cables are small strands of glass or plastic cables. Because they
use light and since light is the fastest traveling thing, data transfer rate
is very high (very fast).
 Unguided Media

● Unguided media uses radio waves/electromagnetic waves to transmit data from

source to destination. They use air (space) as a channel and hence they do not use
wires.
This media may use:
● Satellites
● Microwave dishes (antenna)
 Two types of signals

Digital Signal
● Computers can understand and process only digital signals. The digital signal has only two
states: high and low, no intermediate value. They are discrete in nature. The state of the
signal is either high or low, and there is no intermediate value.
 Two types of signals

Analog Signal
● Analog signal is a continuous signal which has the behavior of continuously
varying. In this case there is no fixed number of states for the signal i.e. it shows
continuous variation.
 Data Transmission Modes

➔ There are three ways, or modes, of transmitting data from one point to another
(direction). There are 3 types:
 Data Transmission Modes

● Simplex: communication can take place in only one direction.

Ex. Radio / Television broadcasting / Calling Bell.
● Half Duplex: A half-duplex system can transmit data in both directions, but only in one
direction at a time.
Ex: Walkie – Talkie
● Full Duplex: In this system which allows information to flow simultaneously in both
directions on the transmission path.
Ex: Telephone networks use full duplex channels.
 Network Definition

● A network can be defined as two or more computers connected together in

such a way that they can share resources.
● A collection of interconnected device that can be communicated to each other
over the internet cloud.
 Advantages of networking

 Data Sharing
 Hardware Sharing
 Internet Access
 Data Security and Management
 Entertainment and so on…
 Disadvantages of networking

 Network device Costs

 Hardware and Software Management and Administration Costs
 Undesirable Sharing
 Illegal or Undesirable Behavior
 Data Security Concerns
 Elements of Network

The device that build up network

➔ End Device: the device that can generate transmitted data and receive and
interpret the data.
Example : Computer , TV
➔ Intermediary device: the device that give a network access to the attached
end device
Example : Hub :Hubs are devices used to link several computers together.
 Example of Intermediary device

Switch :provides central connection point for computer or other network device.
 Example of Intermediary device

● Bridge : A bridge allows you to connect two sequences of large a network

together. By the help of bridge, you can divide large network into two or more
groups.
 Example of Intermediary device

● Routers : Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple network
types and determine the best path for sending data.
 Types of Network

➔ Based on the geographical area coverage, the Networks are classified

into three types:
 Local Area Networks (LAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Local Area Networks (LAN)

● LAN is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home,

office, or group of buildings.
 A Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

➔ MAN is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a

geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large LAN but
smaller than the area covered by a WAN.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

● WAN is a computer network that

covers a broad area like a state,
country or a continent.
● WANs are used to connect LANs
and other types of networks
together, so that users and
computers in one location can
communicate with users and
computers in other locations
 Client and Server computer role in networking

● Server: Computer is a core component of the network, providing a link to the

resources necessary to perform any task.

● Client: Computers normally request and receive information over the network
client.
○ Client computers also depends primarily on the central server for processing
activities.
 Network Architecture

Peer-to peer network

 A peer-to-peer network is a network where there is no dedicated server as
central device to control resource sharing.
 All hosts are equal
 great for small, simple, and inexpensive networks.
 Network Architecture

Server based Networking

 In this design, a small number of computers are designated as centralized
servers and given the task of providing services to a larger number of user
machines called clients.
 Network Topology

 The arrangement of network device is known as topology

 Physical topologies describe how the cables are run.
 Logical topologies describe how the network messages travel.
The different network topologies are:
 Star topology
 Bus topology
 Ring topology
 Mesh topology
 Types of Network Topology

● Star topology: all communication devices (nodes) are connected to a central hub/Server
or a Host computer via cables.
○ If any workstation goes down it does not affect the entire network. (But, as you might expect, if
the central device goes down, the entire network goes down.)
○ Star topologies are more expensive to install than bus networks, because there are several more
cables that need to be installed, plus the cost of the hubs that are needed.
 Types of Network Topology

● Bus topology : A bus is the simplest physical topology. It consists of a single cable that
runs to every workstation.
○ This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but also covers the shortest amount
of distance.
○ If any connection to the node fails the entire network fails.
 Types of Network Topology

● Ring Topology : In ring topology, every device is connected to a ring forming a loop.
Each device is connected to two other devices in ring topology.
● Data is transmitted over the ring in one direction only following the ring. So, if data is
sent over the ring, it reaches all devices on the ring one after the other.
● Since, all messages are flowing in only one direction; failure of a single node can
compromise the entire network.
 Types of Network Topology

Mesh : The mesh topology is the simplest logical topology in terms of data flow, but it is the
most complex in terms of physical design.
 In this physical topology, each device is connected to every other device.
 Other NTK Devices

Network Interface Card (NIC)

● NIC provides the physical interface between computer and cabling.
● It prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data. It can also receive and translate data into bytes
for the CPU to understand.

Modem
● Modems are the devices used to communicate data over telephone lines. This function is the translation of
digital computer data into a signal that can be transmitted over a phone line and vice versa.
Protocols
● Protocols are the rules that the networks all use to understand each other.
 Internet

 It is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users

at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other
computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).
 It is a global network of computer that cover the whole world.
 Application of Internet

Accessing and obtaining Information

 How to search and find such information? By using Web search
engines information of interest can be obtained.
Communication
 Example :Email or Electronic Mail it is used to send mail to friends
electronically. It uses electronic box instead of post office box.

Marketing and Business on the Web

 Enables you to buy and sell products using internet like e-commerce.
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