Referencing and Citation

INR 334 Applied Research

 Why cite?
• All academic work relies on information given by other sources.
• Even a new/original research must review the literature and
give references to the existing resources.
– Giving proper credit to other people’s work and ideas,
– Avoiding plagiarism
– Showing that you have consulted widely,
– Acknowledging the relevant debates, arguments and practice in a
given field substantiate any statement that you make
– Giving signposts to others to related works and prior publications
enable others to check the evidence and accuracy of your
information, and to consult texts which you have found relevant and
useful

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 Two steps of citing
• 1) A citation in the text of the document
• 2) A reference list or a bibliography at the end
of the document

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 Three approaches to citing references
• 1) Author-date approach (In-text citation)
• 2) Numeric approach
• 3) Footnote or endnote approach

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 The author-date approach
• Known as Harvard System.
• There are variations of Harvard System.
– MLA (Modern Languages Association)
– APA (American Psychological Association)
– Chicago Style has adapted author-date system too.

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 Numeric Approach
• Also known as British Standard System or
Vancouver System.
• Generally used in Engineering and in the
medical field.
• E.g. Although undernutrition is not common in
developed countries (1), it is associated with
an increased length of stay in hospitals (2-3). It
is also believed that undernutrition is caused
by fast food-based diets (1).
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 Footnote Approach
• Superscripted numbers are used in the text to
refer to citations which are placed as
numbered footnotes at the bottom of the
page in which the citations appear.
– MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association)
– Chicago or Turabian styles (Chicago also
recommends author-date approach)

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 Citation vs. Quotation
• Quote: Directly copying the words of another author.
– You must use quotation marks.
– Use exactly the same words
– Texts longer than 40 words OR 4 Lines must be indented
and separated from the main text. DO NOT use quotation
marks.
• Cite: Indirectly using the opinion, information given
by another author.
– Paraphrasing and summarizing another author’s opinion
requires referencing.

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 No citation required
• General information known by the public.
• Discipline specific information which would be
known by anyone working in the same field.

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• Use direct quotations rather than
paraphrasing:
 when reproducing an exact definition
 when an author has said something memorably or
succinctly, or
 when you want to respond to exact wording (e.g.,
something someone said).
 Short Quotation
• For quotations of fewer than 40 words, add quotation
marks around the words and incorporate the quote into
your own text—there is no additional formatting needed.
• Do not insert an ellipsis (three dots) at the beginning
and/or end of a quotation unless the original source
includes an ellipsis.
– E.g. Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high
performance along one domain does not translate to high
performance along another” (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).
 Block Quotation
• Format quotations of 40 words or more as block quotations
 Do not use quotation marks to enclose a block quotation.
 Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the whole block 0.5 in.
from the left margin.
 Double-space the entire block quotation.
 Do not add extra space before or after it.
 Either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation’s final
punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative before the
quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after the
quotation’s final punctuation.
• Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case.
 Block Quotation
• Block quotation with parenthetical citation:
E.g. Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:
Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many
people’s everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it
scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined
to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural
underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)
• Block quotation with narrative citation:
E.g. Flores et al. (2018) described how they addressed potential researcher bias when working
with an intersectional community of transgender people of color:
Everyone on the research team belonged to a stigmatized group but also held privileged
identities. Throughout the research process, we attended to the ways in which our privileged
and oppressed identities may have influenced the research process, findings, and
presentation of results. (p. 311)
 APA Style
• Commonly used in social sciences and
education.
• APA style requires you place brief reference
citations in your text and then complete
citations for the works referenced at the end
of your paper in an alphabetized reference list.

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 Citing Secondary Sources
• In text citation
– Seidenberg and McClelland’s study, conducted in
1990, (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, &
Haller, 1993) shows that ...
– ... as some studies show (Seidenberg &
McClelland, as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, &
Haller, 1993).
• You are not required to include the date of the
secondary source information.
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• Quotes with mistakes
– "Sickness occurred even when reel [sic] drugs
were administered" (Miele, 1993).
• Adding emphasis
– "Furthermore, the behaviours were never
exhibited again [emphasis added], even when the
correct dosage was given" (Miele, 1993).
You, not the author, are adding emphasis to the
words in italics.

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• Use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) for
missing words in a sentence;
• Use four dots for an entire missing sentence
(the first . indicates the full stop at the end of
the first quoted sentence)
• Use square brackets [ ] if you are adding a
word which is not found in the original text.

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• I or We?
• Individual authors should refer to themselves
as I. Use we only for joint authors.
• the third person (this author) usually sounds
unnatural or affected and author’s references
to themselves by surname (except for
purposes of anonymity) even more so.

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• Spelling Out Numbers. In the text, spell out
one through nine. Use Arabic figures for other
numbers.
• Always write out a number if it begins a
sentence; if this seems awkward, recast the
sentence.

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• Inclusive years can normally be treated in the
same way (the words years being understood)
unless from or between precedes the dates:
– the years 1944–47, war of 1914–18, during 1878–
85, the 1878–1910 period
• but
– from 1914 to 1918, between 1879 and 1902.

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• In surveys of literature, Ripley showed or has
shown or Ripley’s study shows are all correct
uses of tense.
• In contexts where chronology is not the focus,
Ripley shows is correct.

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 Basic Changes in APA 7th Edition
The publisher location is no longer included in the reference.
o Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful
lessons in personal change. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
o Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful
lessons in personal change. Simon & Schuster.

The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is

shortened right from the first citation. You only include the first
author’s name and “et al.”.
o (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018)
o (Taylor et al., 2018)

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Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in
the reference list.
o Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S.
T., … Lee, L. H. (2018).
o Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T.,
Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes,
W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., … Lee,
L. H. (2018).
DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label “DOI:” is no longer necessary.

o doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
• https://doi.org/10.1080/​02626667.2018.1560449

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URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a
retrieval date is needed. The website name is included
(unless it’s the same as the author), and web page titles are
italicized.
o Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but
growth remains weak. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/​
news/business-50419127
o Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but
growth remains weak. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/​
news/business-50419127

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The singular “they” or “their” is endorsed as a gender-
neutral pronoun.
o A researcher’s career depends on how often he or she is cited.
o A researcher’s career depends on how often they are cited.

 Do not use “he” or “she” alone as generic third-person

singular pronouns. Use combination forms such as “he or
she” and “she or he” only if you know that these pronouns
match the people being described.
 Do not use combination forms such as “(s)he” and “s/he.”
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Instead of using adjectives as nouns to label groups of
people, descriptive phrases are preferred.
o The poor
o People living in poverty

Instead of broad categories, you should use exact age

ranges that are more relevant and specific.
o People over 65 years old
o People in the age range of 65 to 75 years old

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How to use tenses

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 First Person Pronouns
• Use first-person pronouns in APA Style to describe your work as well as
your personal reactions.
 If you are writing a paper by yourself, use the pronoun “I” to refer to
yourself.
 If you are writing a paper with coauthors, use the pronoun “we” to
refer yourself and your coauthors together.
• Do not use the third person to refer to yourself. It can create ambiguity
for readers about whether you or someone else performed an action.
• Correct: I explored treatments for social anxiety.

Incorrect: The author explored treatments for social anxiety.

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 Page Numbers
 For a single page, use the abbreviation “p.”
(e.g., p. 25, p. S41, p. e221).
 For multiple pages, use the abbreviation “pp.”
and separate the page range with an en dash
(e.g., pp. 34–36).
 If pages are discontinuous, use a comma
between the page numbers (e.g., pp. 67, 72).
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Indicating Changes in Direct Quotations
 Use an ellipsis to indicate that you have omitted words within a quotation (e.g.,
to shorten a sentence or tie two sentences together).
 Either type three periods with spaces around each ( . . . ) or use the ellipsis
character created by your word processing program when you type three periods
in a row ( … ), with a space before and after.
 Use four periods—that is, a period plus an ellipsis (. … )—to show a sentence
break within omitted material, such as when a quotation includes the end of one
sentence and the beginning of another sentence.
 Use square brackets, not parentheses, to enclose material such as an addition or
explanation you have inserted in a quotation.
• If you want to emphasize a word or words in a quotation, use italics. Immediately
after the italicized words, insert “emphasis added” within square brackets as
follows: [emphasis added].
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 Missing Page Numbers
• Audiovisual Works
– To directly quote from an audiovisual work (e.g., audiobook, YouTube
video, TED Talk, TV show), provide a time stamp for the beginning of
the quotation in place of a page number.
– E.g. People make “sweeping inferences and judgments from body
language” (Cuddy, 2012, 2:12).

• Provide a paragraph number (count the paragraphs manually if

they are not numbered).
– E.g. People planning for retirement need more than just money—they
also “need to stockpile their emotional reserves” to ensure adequate
support from family and friends (Chamberlin, 2014, para. 1).
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34
 Journal Article
• Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019).
Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent
ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular
Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
 Parenthetical citation: (Grady et al., 2019)
 Narrative citation: Grady et al. (2019)
 If a journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in the reference.
 Always include the issue number for a journal article.
 If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic
research database, end the reference after the page range

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 Magazine Article
• Lyons, D. (2009, June 15). Don't ‘iTune’ us: It’s geeks versus writers. Guess who’s
winning. Newsweek, 153(24), 27.
• Schaefer, N. K., & Shapiro, B. (2019, September 6). New middle chapter in the story of human
evolution. Science, 365(6457), 981–982. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3550
• Schulman, M. (2019, September 9). Superfans: A love story. The New Yorker.
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/16/superfans-a-love-story

• Parenthetical citations: (Lyons, 2009; Schaefer & Shapiro, 2019; Schulman, 2019)
• Narrative citations: Lyons (2009), Schaefer and Shapiro (2019), and Schulman (2019)
• If a magazine article has a DOI, include the DOI in the reference (as in the Schaefer and Shapiro
example).
• If the magazine article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the
reference after the page range (as in the Lyons example). Do not include database information in the
reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print magazine article.
• If the magazine article does not have a DOI but does have a URL that will resolve for readers (e.g., it is
from an online magazine that is not part of a database), include the URL of the article at the end of the
reference (as in the Schulman example).
• If the magazine article does not have volume, issue, and/or page numbers (e.g., because it is from an
online magazine), omit the missing elements from the reference (as in the Schulman example).

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 Newspaper article
• Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html
• Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North Korea vows to restart shuttered nuclear reactor that can make
bomb-grade plutonium. The Washington Post, A1, A4.
• Stobbe, M. (2020, January 8). Cancer death rate in U.S. sees largest one-year drop ever. Chicago
Tribune.

• Parenthetical citations: (Carey, 2019; Harlan, 2013; Stobbe, 2020)

• Narrative citations: Carey (2019), Harlan (2013), and Stobbe (2020)

• In the source element of the reference, provide at minimum the title of the newspaper in italic
title case.
• If the newspaper article is from an online newspaper that has a URL that will resolve for readers
(as in the Carey example), include the URL of the article at the end of the reference. If volume,
issue, and/or page numbers for the article are missing, omit these elements from the reference.
• If you used a print version of the newspaper article (as in the Harlan example), provide the page
or pages of the article after the newspaper title. Do not include the abbreviations “p.” or “pp.”
before the page(s).

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 Whole authored book
• Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd
ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000
• Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin
Books.
•
• Parenthetical citations: (Jackson, 2019; Sapolsky, 2017)
• Narrative citations: Jackson (2019) and Sapolsky (2017)
• Provide the author, year of publication, title, and publisher of the book.
• Include any edition information in parentheses after the title, without italics.
• If the book includes a DOI, include the DOI in the reference after the publisher name.
• Do not include the publisher location.
• If the book does not have a DOI and is an ebook from an academic research database,
end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include database information in
the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.

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 Whole edited book
• Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based
approaches for tuberculosis treatment. Academic Press.
• Torino, G. C., Rivera, D. P., Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal, K.
L., & Sue, D. W. (Eds.). (2019). Microaggression theory:
Influence and implications. John Wiley & Sons.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119466642

• Parenthetical citations: (Kesharwani, 2020; Torino et al.,

2019)
• Narrative citations: Kesharwani (2020) and Torino et al.
(2019)
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 Republished book, with editor
• Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (2013). Conditioned emotional reactions: The case of
Little Albert (D. Webb, Ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
http://a.co/06Se6Na (Original work published 1920)
•
• Parenthetical citation: (Watson & Rayner, 1920/2013)
• Narrative citation: Watson and Rayner (1920/2013)
• The book by Watson and Rayner was originally published in 1920. It was edited by
Webb and republished in 2013.
• Sometimes an authored book also credits an editor on the cover. In this case, include
the editor in parentheses without italics after the book title.

• Provide the year of the republication in the main date element of the reference.
Provide the year of original publication at the end of the reference in parentheses after
the words “Original work published.”
• Both publication years appear in the in-text citation, separated with a slash, with the
earlier year first.
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 Chapter in an edited book
• Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent
and their development. In R. F. Subotnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius,
& F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The psychology of high performance:
Developing human potential into domain-specific talent (pp.
345–359). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016
• Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B.
Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances
in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.
•
• Parenthetical citations: (Aron et al., 2019; Dillard, 2020)
• Narrative citations: Aron et al. (2019) and Dillard (2020)

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 Report by a Government Agency
• National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time:
Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication
No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-educati
on/takingtime.pdf

• Parenthetical citation: (National Cancer Institute,

2019)
• Narrative citation: National Cancer Institute (2019)
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 Report by Authors
• Baral, P., Larsen, M., & Archer, M. (2019). Does money grow on trees?
Restoration financing in Southeast Asia. Atlantic Council.
https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/does-money
-grow-on-trees-restoring-financing-in-southeast-asia/
• Stuster, J., Adolf, J., Byrne, V., & Greene, M. (2018). Human exploration of
Mars: Preliminary lists of crew tasks (Report No. NASA/CR-2018-220043).
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20190001401.pdf
•
• Parenthetical citations: (Baral et al., 2019; Stuster et al., 2018)
• Narrative citations: Baral et al. (2019) and Stuster et al. (2018)
• If the report has a report number, include it in parentheses without italics
after the report title.
• Provide the publisher of the report and its URL in the source element of the
reference
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 Press Release
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019, November 15). FDA
approves first contact lens indicated to slow the progression of
nearsightedness in children [Press release].
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves
-first-contact-lens-indicated-slow-progression-nearsightedness-childr
en
•
• Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019)
• Narrative citation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2019)
• Provide the name of the group that released the press release as the
author.
• Include the description “[Press release]” in square brackets after the
title of the press release.
• When the author and the publisher of the press release are the same,
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omit the publisher to avoid repetition, as shown in the example.
 Conference presentation
• Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E.,
Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez-Greene, N. (2019,
August 8–11). Gun violence: An event on the
power of community [Conference presentation].
APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United
States. https://convention.apa.org/2019-video
•
• Parenthetical citation: (Evans et al., 2019)
• Narrative citation: Evans et al. (2019)
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 Published Dissertation
• Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The
relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication No. 10169573)
[Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
• Miranda, C. (2019). Exploring the lived experiences of foster youth who obtained graduate level
degrees: Self-efficacy, resilience, and the impact on identity development (Publication No.
27542827) [Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University]. PQDT Open.
https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2309521814.html?FMT=AI
• Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry on response monitoring in
those with worry and obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of
Arizona]. UA Campus Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/620615
•
• Parenthetical citations: (Kabir, 2016; Miranda, 2019; Zambrano-Vazquez, 2016)
• Narrative citations: Kabir (2016), Miranda (2019), and Zambrano-Vazquez (2016)
• A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global or PDQT Open, an institutional repository, or an archive.
• Include the description “Doctoral dissertation” or “Master’s thesis” followed by a comma and the
name of the institution that awarded the degree. Place this information in square brackets after the
dissertation or thesis title and any publication number.

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 Film or movie
• Fleming, V. (Director). (1939). Gone with the
wind [Film]. Selznick International Pictures;
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
•
• Parenthetical citation: (Fleming, 1939)
• Narrative citation: Fleming (1939)

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 Youtube Video
• Asian Boss. (2020, June 5). World’s leading vaccine expert fact-checks COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy: Stay
curious #22 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQdLDMLrYIA
• Harvard University. (2019, August 28). Soft robotic gripper for jellyfish [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guRoWTYfxMs
•
• Parenthetical citations: (Asian Boss, 2020; Harvard University, 2019)
• Narrative citations: Asian Boss (2020) and Harvard University (2019)
• Use the name of the account that uploaded the video as the author.
• If the account did not actually create the work, explain this in the text if it is important for readers to know.
However, if that would mean citing a source that appears unauthoritative, you might also look for the author’s
YouTube channel, official website, or other social media to see whether the same video is available elsewhere.
• To cite the words of individuals featured in a video, name or describe the individual(s) in your sentence in the
text and then provide a parenthetical citation for the video. For example, the Asian Boss video is an interview
with the director general of the International Vaccine Institute; you should provide details about who spoke and
what they said in the text of the sentence and then cite the video using the parenthetical citation shown.
• Provide the specific date on which the video was uploaded.
• Italicize the title of the video.
• Include the description “[Video]” in square brackets after the title.
• Provide the site name (YouTube) and URL of the video.

48
 Webpages
• Webpage on a news website
• Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why some people with anxiety love watching horror movies. HuffPost.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-watching-horror-movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e
• Roberts, N. (2020, June 10). Trayvon Martin’s mother, Sybrina Fulton, qualifies to run for elected office. BET
News.
https://www.bet.com/news/national/2020/06/10/trayvon-martin-mother-sybrina-fulton-qualifies-for-office-florid.htm
l
• Toner, K. (2020, September 24). When Covid-19 hit, he turned his newspaper route into a lifeline for senior citizens.
CNN.
https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/us/coronavirus-newspaper-deliveryman-groceries-senior-citizens-cnnheroes-trnd/i
ndex.html
•
• Parenthetical citations: (Bologna, 2019; Roberts, 2020; Toner, 2020)
• Narrative citations: Bologna (2019), Roberts (2020), and Toner (2020)
• Use this format for articles from news websites. Common examples are BBC News, BET News, Bloomberg, CNN,
HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters, Salon, and Vox. These sites do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers.
• Use the newspaper article category for articles from newspaper websites such as The New York Times or The
Washington Post.
• Provide the writer as the author.
• Provide the specific date the story was published.
• Provide the title of the news story in italic sentence case.
• List the name of the news website in the source element of the reference.
• End the reference with the URL. 49
• 3. Webpage on a website with a government agency group author
• National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, National Institutes of Health.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
•
• Parenthetical citation: (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018)
• Narrative citation: National Institute of Mental Health (2018)
• For a page on a government website without individual authors, use the specific agency responsible for the
webpage as the author.
• The names of parent agencies not present in the author element appear in the source element (in the
example, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health). This creates
concise in-text citations and complete reference list entries.
• Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
• Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific
content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
• Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not
necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the
reference.
• Italicize the title of the webpage.
• End the reference with the URL.
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• 4. Webpage on a website with an organizational group author
• World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). The top 10 causes of death.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
•
• Parenthetical citation: (World Health Organization, 2018)
• Narrative citation: World Health Organization (2018)
• For a page from an organization’s website without individual authors, use the name of the
organization as the author.
• Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
• Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the
specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
• Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not
necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the
reference.
• Italicize the title of the webpage.
• Because the author of the webpage and the site name are the same, omit the site name from the source
element to avoid repetition.
• End the reference with the URL.

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• 5. Webpage on a website with an individual author
• Giovanetti, F. (2019, November 16). Why we are so obsessed with personality types. Medium.
https://medium.com/the-business-of-wellness/why-we-are-so-obsessed-with-personality-types-577450f9ae
e9
•
• Parenthetical citation: (Giovanetti, 2019)
• Narrative citation: Giovanetti (2019)
• When individual author(s) are credited on the webpage, list them as the author in the reference.
• Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
• Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific
content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
• Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not
necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the
reference.
• Italicize the title of the webpage.
• Provide the site name in the source element of the reference.
• End the reference with the URL.

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• 6. Webpage on a website with a retrieval date
• U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population clock. U.S. Department of
Commerce. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/popclock/
•
• Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.)
• Narrative citation: U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.)
• When contents of a page are designed to change over time but are not archived,
include a retrieval date in the reference.

53