Physical Development EED 101

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF A CHILD
• WHAT IS A PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT?
-is one of the many domains of infant and toddler
development. It relates to the growth and skill of
development in the body, including the brain, muscles,
and senses.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Occurs over many years as children gain control over gross and fine motor skills.
• When the brain is stimulated, it forms neural connections from sensory areas to
motor areas
GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
-skills that involve the entire body, in particular the large

muscles of the body.
Examples:
Standing
Walking
Controlling movements of the legs and arms.
BIRTH TO 6 MONTHS (GROSS)
• Lift head and chest when in stomach.
• Rolls from back to side or side to back. 12-18 months
• Sits with support. Walks without support.
Squats down to pick objects and stands up.
6-12 months Climbs up stairs.
Can throw a ball
Sitting without support.
Crawls with hands and knees.
Walks with help.
Stands alone.
2-3 YEARS
• -they develop the ability to run, jump, and hop.

• Can participate throwing ball and catching
• They can also push themselves around with their feet while sitting on a riding toy.
4-5 YEARS
Can go up and down the stairs alone by
taking one step at a time.
Their running continue to smooth out and
increase in speed.
Have more control when riding their
bicycle and can drive faster.
5-6
YEARS
• During this ages a child will continue to refine earlier skills.
• They can run even faster and can start to ride bicycles with training wheels.
• Start jumping rope, hitting balls with bats, etc.
• They continue to refine their gross motor skill through age 7 and beyond.
FINE MOTOR SKILLS
• Fine motor skills -involve small muscles working with the brain and nervous
system to control movements in areas such as the eyes, hands, fingers, lips,
tongue, feet and toes. Developing fine motor skills helps children do things like
eating, writing, manipulating objects and getting dressed.
BIRTH - 6 6-12
MONTHS MONTHS
• Reaches for objects -Reaches for small objects.
• Hold objects for short period of time -Places objects in a container.
-Pick up medium and large objects.
• Touches and pats bottle -Plays with two toys.
• Plays with their fingers, hands, and -Points with fingers.
-Sees almost everything with good
toes
vision.
• Hold or manipulate objects, sucking -Develop hand and eye coordination.
everything
12-18 MONTHS 2-3
• Turns several pages of book at one time. YEARS
• Scribbles with paper and crayons. Can create things with their
hands.
• Releases ball with slight trust.
Can build towers out of blocks.
• Holds spoon with fist. Can insert objects into matching
• Holds and drinks from cup. spaces such as placing round pegs
into round hole.
Can build a tower of cubes. Showing the preference of using
• Picks up small objects between thumb and one hand more than the other.
forefinger.
• Can open small box.
3-4
YEARS 4-5 YEARS
Children continue to refine

• Around this ages, a child can fine motor skills and build
manipulate clothing fasteners, like upon earlier skills.
They can button and
zippers and snaps. unbutton clothes.
Their artistic skills improves
• Will gain the ability to dress and and can draw simple sticks
undress themselves. figures.
Drawing more complex
• Begin using scissors to cut paper. shapes.
5-6
YEARS
• Continue to refine fine motor skills.

• They can steps sideways.
• Mastering physical play.
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND
NEURAL PLASTICITY
--THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN IS A FASCINATING AND
ESSENTIAL ASPECT OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT.
CHILDREN'S BRAINS DEVELOP RAPIDLY FROM AGES BIRTH THROUGH

THREE. BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS ALL AREAS OF A CHILD'S GROWTH.
THERE ARE FOUR MAIN AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT: MOTOR (PHYSICAL),
LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION, SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL, AND
COGNITIVE. BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IS PART OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.
Neural plasticity
What Is Neural Plasticity?
• Neural plasticity, also called neuroplasticity or brain plasticity, is the ability of
the nervous system to change itself in structure and function in response to
experience.
A child learns in these first years. They learn to
intentionally move their bodies, to sit up, walk,
feed themselves, dance, and more. They learn not
only to speak, but also the mechanics of an entire
language, and perhaps even more than one. They
learn to recognize faces, voices, tastes, sounds,
colors, and more––every second their brain is
absorbing new information and making sense of it
all. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
HOW CAN WE IMPROVE
NEURAL PLASTICITY?
.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY-SA-NC
CC BY-SA-NC
NUTRITION AND ITS IMPACT
TO GROWTH
NUTRITION AND ITS IMPACT TO
GROWTH
• Nutrition impacts a child's physical growth as well as brain development. Nutrition also
impacts a child's emotional and cognitive development. A child with proper nutrition is often
able to maintain a healthy weight and perform well in school in addition to having a decreased
risk of illness or disease. Good nutrition is essential during childhood, as it is a time of rapid
growth, development and activity. This is also a vital time for healthy tooth development and
prevention of decay. General eating habits and patterns are formed in the first few years of life.
• Effects of Nutrition on Child Growth and Development
Nutrition is important in the growth and development of a child.
Nutrition refers to the foods and beverages that provide fuel for the body to
function. Nutrients are substances found in food that allow the body to grow and function
properly.
six essential nutrients: protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.
Good nutrition refers to a diet that contains a healthy balance of nutrients, such as a diet
that is high in fruits and vegetables.
Poor nutrition refers to a diet that contains an unhealthy balance of nutrients, such as a
diet that is high in sugar or sodium.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
• PRE-OPERATIONAL
• CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
• FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
1.SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
• The sensorimotor stage typically takes place within the first two years of a child's life.
It is marked by the child discovering the difference between themselves and their
environment. At that point, they will use their senses to learn things about both
themselves and their environment.
• Crawling, balancing, visual tracking, and coordination are all ways that a baby
experiences the world while simultaneously developing their brain and body. Often,
children who struggle with learning or developmental disorders have sensorimotor
system delays.
WHAT ARE THE EXAMPLES OF
SENSORIMOTOR ACTIVITIES?
• Examples of events that occur during the sensorimotor

stage include the reflexes of rooting and sucking in
infancy, learning to sick and wiggle fingers, repeating
simple actions like shaking a rattle, taking interest in
objects in the environment, and learning that objects
they cannot see continue to exist.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

2. PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
• The preoperational stage is the second stage in

Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This stage
begins around age 2, as children start to talk, and lasts
until approximately age 7.1
• During this stage, children begin to engage in symbolic
play and learn to manipulate symbols. However, Piaget
noted that they do not yet understand concrete logic.
3. THE CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
• The concrete operational stage is the third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive
development. This period spans the time of middle childhood—it begins around
age 7 and continues until approximately age 11—and is characterized by the
development of logical thought.1
4. FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
• The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage of Jean Piaget's theory
of cognitive development. It begins at approximately age 12 and lasts into
adulthood.
LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
AND
ACQUISITION
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
• What is Language development?

• - Language development in children is the process through which we gain the
ability to comprehend and communicate through speech. Before acquiring
fluency, a child may progressively comprehend fundamental verbal patterns and
increase their vocabulary throughout this stage.
STAGES OF LANGUAGE AGE
DEVELOPMENT
1. crying Birth
2. cooing 6 weeks
3. babbling 6 months
4. intonation patterns
8 months
1 year
5. one word utterances
18 months
6. two word utterances
2 years
7. Inflectional words 2 ¼ years
8.Negative and interrogative 5 years
9. Rare and complex instructions 10 years
10. Mature speech
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS AND CRITICAL
THINKING
- the cognitive abilities needed to control thoughts, emotions and actions.

Executive functions help children develop their acquired skills of teamwork,
decision-making, problem solving, adaptability and being aware of emotions.
- Children's executive function skills include their ability to focus and pay
attention, remember instructions and demonstrate self-control.
CRITICAL THINKING
Learning to think critically is a vital part of children's development, helping them

make sense of the world around them.
It helps them ask questions and make value judgements, and try to figure things out .
• Building critical thinking skills happens through day-to-day interactions as you
talk with your child, ask open-ended questions, and allow your child to
experiment and solve problems.
• Here are some tips and ideas to help children build a foundation for critical
thinking:
TO DEVELOP CRITICAL THINKING
• Provide opportunities for play.

• Pause and wait.
• Don't intervene immediately.
• Ask open-ended questions.
END

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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

-skills that involve the entire body, in particular the large

• -they develop the ability to run, jump, and hop.

Children continue to refine

• Continue to refine fine motor skills.

CHILDREN'S BRAINS DEVELOP RAPIDLY FROM AGES BIRTH THROUGH

• Examples of events that occur during the sensorimotor

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

• The preoperational stage is the second stage in

• What is Language development?

- the cognitive abilities needed to control thoughts, emotions and actions.

Learning to think critically is a vital part of children's development, helping them

• Provide opportunities for play.

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