LESSON 2 :

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND

NATION BUILDING
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES:
• Discuss The Role Of Science, Technology In Philippine Nation
Building
• Evaluate Government Policies Pertaining To Science And
Technology In Terms Of Their Contribution To Nation Building.
• Identify Actual Science And Technology Policies Of The
Government And Appraise Their Impact On The Development Of
The Filipino Nation.
 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
PRE-COLONIAL ERA (BEFORE 1521):
• Indigenous communities in the Philippines had advanced
knowledge of agriculture, metallurgy, and navigation. They
developed intricate systems of rice terraces in the cordillera
region, which are still in use today.
• Filipinos were skilled in boat-building and seafaring,
enabling them to engage in trade with neighboring
Southeast Asian countries and as far as china.
• The use of Baybayin, an ancient script, was prevalent for
record-keeping and communication.
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Colonial Period (1521-1898):
 Spanish colonization brought significant changes to the
Philippines. Missionaries introduced western scientific
knowledge and education.
 The University of Santo Tomas (UST), founded in
1611, became a center for education and the study of
science.
 Botanical and Zoological expeditions were conducted,
resulting in the discovery of many new species.
 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
19th Century:
 The Opening Of The Suez Canal In 1869
Facilitated Trade And Communication,
Leading To The Exchange Of Scientific
Ideas And Technologies.
 The Establishment Of The Observatorio
Meteorológico De Manila (Manila
Observatory) In 1865 Contributed To
Meteorology And Seismology Research.
 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
American Period (1898-1946):
 The Americans Modernized
Education In The Philippines,
Establishing Institutions Like The
Bureau Of Science In 1901.
 Dr. Fe Del Mundo, A Filipino
Pediatrician, Became The First
Woman To Be Admitted To Harvard
Medical School In 1936.
 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
World War II and Post-war Period
(1941-1945):
 The war disrupted scientific progress, but
it also led to technological innovations in
response to the conflict.
 The university of the philippines college
of medicine produced notable doctors and
researchers during this period.
 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
POST-INDEPENDENCE (1946-PRESENT):
 After gaining independence in 1946, the Philippines continued to develop its
scientific and technological capabilities.
 The Philippine science high school was established in 1964 to nurture young
talents in science and math.
 The establishment of agencies like the department of science and technology
(dost) in 1987 further promoted research and development.
 Notable contemporary Filipino scientists include Amando Kapauan, known for
his work in chemical physics, and Angel Alcala, a prominent marine biologist.
 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(ICT):
 The Philippines has emerged as a hub for
IT and business process outsourcing (BPO)
services, with a strong focus on software
development and customer support.
 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

SPACE AND SATELLITE

TECHNOLOGY:
 In recent years, the Philippines has
launched its own microsatellite, diwata-
1, and established the Philippine space
agency (PHILSA) to advance space
science and technology.
 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH:
 Given its vulnerability to climate
change, the Philippines has also invested
in renewable energy technologies and
environmental research.
 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE

INNOVATIONS:
 Filipino Scientists And Healthcare
Professionals Have Made Significant
Contributions To Medical Research And
Public Health, Especially During The
COVID-19 Pandemic.
 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (DOST):
• The DOST is the primary government agency responsible for the
development and promotion of science and technology in the
Philippines. It oversees various programs and initiatives to
support research and innovation.
 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
SCIENCE FOR CHANGE PROGRAM:

 This program aims to promote research and

development in priority areas that can address
national issues and contribute to economic
growth. It supports projects that have practical
applications and can create a positive impact on
society.
 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
BALIK SCIENTIST PROGRAM:
 THE GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGES FILIPINO
SCIENTISTS AND EXPERTS ABROAD TO RETURN TO
THE PHILIPPINES AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE
COUNTRY'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT. THIS PROGRAM OFFERS
INCENTIVES AND SUPPORT FOR RETURNING
SCIENTISTS.
 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
SCIENCE EDUCATION:
 The Government Places Importance On Science
Education From The Basic To Higher Education
Levels. Various Scholarships And Programs Are In
Place To Encourage Students To Pursue Careers In
Science And Technology.
 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
INNOVATION CENTERS:
 THE PHILIPPINES HAS ESTABLISHED INNOVATION
CENTERS AND HUBS TO FOSTER COLLABORATION
BETWEEN ACADEMIA, INDUSTRY, AND
GOVERNMENT. THESE CENTERS AIM TO PROMOTE
RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN VARIOUS
SECTORS.
 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR INDUSTRY,
ENERGY, AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(PCIEERD):
 THIS COUNCIL, UNDER THE DOST, FOCUSES ON
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS IN KEY
AREAS SUCH AS INDUSTRY, ENERGY, AND
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES.
 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
(IPR) PROTECTION:
 THE GOVERNMENT IS ALSO WORKING TO
STRENGTHEN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
PROTECTION TO ENCOURAGE INNOVATION AND
INVESTMENT IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS:
 THE GOVERNMENT ACTIVELY SEEKS
PARTNERSHIPS WITH THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO
PROMOTE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND
COMMERCIALIZATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS.
 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT:
 GIVEN THE COUNTRY'S VULNERABILITY TO
NATURAL DISASTERS, THERE ARE EFFORTS TO
INTEGRATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTO
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY POLICIES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 NATIONAL GOALS
1. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:

• THE PHILIPPINES HAS LONG BEEN FOCUSED ON ACHIEVING SUSTAINED ECONOMIC GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT. THIS INCLUDES REDUCING POVERTY, INCREASING EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES,
AND FOSTERING ECONOMIC STABILITY.

2. EDUCATION:

 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION AND INCREASING ACCESS TO EDUCATION ARE

IMPORTANT NATIONAL GOALS. THE GOVERNMENT AIMS TO ENHANCE THE SKILLS AND
KNOWLEDGE OF ITS WORKFORCE TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

3. HEALTHCARE:

 ENSURING ACCESS TO QUALITY HEALTHCARE SERVICES AND IMPROVING PUBLIC HEALTH

OUTCOMES IS A PRIORITY. THIS INCLUDES EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ISSUES SUCH AS MALNUTRITION
AND THE AVAILABILITY OF HEALTHCARE FACILITIES.
 NATIONAL GOALS
4. INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT:
 THE GOVERNMENT HAS BEEN WORKING TO IMPROVE INFRASTRUCTURE, INCLUDING
ROADS, BRIDGES, AIRPORTS, AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, TO SUPPORT
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY:
 PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT AND ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE ARE
INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT GOALS. THIS INCLUDES EFFORTS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE
GAS EMISSIONS AND PROTECT NATURAL RESOURCES.
6. PEACE AND SECURITY:
 MAINTAINING INTERNAL PEACE AND SECURITY IS A SIGNIFICANT NATIONAL GOAL. THE
GOVERNMENT HAS BEEN WORKING TO ADDRESS INTERNAL CONFLICTS AND PROMOTE
SOCIAL COHESION.
 INTERNATIONAL GOALS
1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
 MANY INTERNATIONAL GOALS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ARE ALIGNED WITH THE
UNITED NATIONS' SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS). THESE GOALS AIM TO
ADDRESS GLOBAL ISSUES SUCH AS POVERTY, HUNGER, HEALTH, EDUCATION, CLEAN
WATER, CLIMATE ACTION, AND MORE THROUGH SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENTS.
2. CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION:
 ONE OF THE MOST PRESSING INTERNATIONAL GOALS IS TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE.
THIS INCLUDES REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, DEVELOPING RENEWABLE
ENERGY SOURCES, AND CREATING TECHNOLOGIES TO ADAPT TO THE CHANGING CLIMATE.
 INTERNATIONAL GOALS
3. GLOBAL HEALTH:
 ADVANCEMENTS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH, VACCINES, AND HEALTHCARE TECHNOLOGIES ARE
ESSENTIAL FOR IMPROVING GLOBAL HEALTH. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OFTEN TARGETS
THE ERADICATION OF DISEASES, ADDRESSING PANDEMICS, AND IMPROVING ACCESS TO
HEALTHCARE IN UNDERSERVED REGIONS.
4. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION:
 PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS IS CRUCIAL FOR THE PLANET'S HEALTH.
INTERNATIONAL GOALS OFTEN FOCUS ON DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES AND STRATEGIES TO
MONITOR, CONSERVE, AND RESTORE ECOSYSTEMS AND SPECIES.
 INTERNATIONAL GOALS
5. SPACE EXPLORATION:
 COLLABORATIVE INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION, SUCH AS THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) AND PARTNERSHIPS FOR LUNAR AND MARS
MISSIONS, AIM TO EXPAND HUMANITY'S UNDERSTANDING OF THE COSMOS AND
PROMOTE THE PEACEFUL USE OF OUTER SPACE.
6. CYBERSECURITY:
 AS TECHNOLOGY BECOMES INCREASINGLY INTERCONNECTED, INTERNATIONAL
GOALS INCLUDE ENHANCING GLOBAL CYBERSECURITY TO PROTECT AGAINST
CYBER THREATS, DATA BREACHES, AND CYBERATTACKS.
 INTERNATIONAL GOALS
7. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS:
THERE IS GROWING INTEREST IN ESTABLISHING INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES AND
ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE (AI) TO ENSURE IT BENEFITS SOCIETY AND RESPECTS HUMAN
RIGHTS.
8. NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION:
EFFORTS TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND PROMOTE
DISARMAMENT ARE ONGOING INTERNATIONAL GOALS, WITH SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY PLAYING A ROLE IN VERIFICATION AND MONITORING.
 INTERNATIONAL GOALS
9. GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY:
PROJECTS LIKE UNDERSEA FIBER OPTIC CABLES AND SATELLITE NETWORKS ARE
AIMED AT IMPROVING GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY AND PROVIDING RELIABLE
INTERNET ACCESS TO REMOTE AREAS.
10. CLEAN ENERGY:
DEVELOPING AND DEPLOYING CLEAN AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES ON A GLOBAL SCALE IS A PRIORITY FOR REDUCING CARBON
EMISSIONS AND COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE.
 INTERNATIONAL GOALS
11. RESEARCH COLLABORATION:
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH HELP POOL
RESOURCES, KNOWLEDGE, AND EXPERTISE TO ADDRESS COMPLEX GLOBAL
CHALLENGES.
EDUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT:
BUILDING A GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE WORKFORCE IN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY REQUIRES INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION AND SKILL
DEVELOPMENT, OFTEN WITH INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO SHARE BEST
PRACTICES AND RESOURCES.
 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
Philippine Science Act (Republic Act No. 2067):
This Law, Enacted In 1958, Established The National Science Development
Board (Nsdb), Which Was Later Merged Into The Department Of Science And
Technology (Dost). It Aims To Promote Scientific Research And Development
And Provide Support To Scientists And Researchers In The Country.
Department Of Science And Technology (Dost) Act Of 1987 (Republic Act
No. 7687):
This Law Reorganized The Dost And Defined Its Roles And Functions In
Promoting Scientific And Technological Research And Development In The
Philippines.
 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS

Intellectual Property Code Of The Philippines (Republic Act No.

8293):
This Law Governs Intellectual Property Rights, Including Patents, Trademarks,
Copyrights, And Trade Secrets, Which Are Relevant To Technology And
Innovation Protection.

Cybercrime Prevention Act Of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10175):

This Law Addresses Various Forms Of Cybercrime, Including Hacking, Identity
Theft, And Online Fraud, Which Are Relevant In The Context Of Technology And
The Internet.
 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
Data Privacy Act Of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173):
This Law Governs The Protection Of Personal Data And Is Essential For The Regulation Of
Data-related Technologies And Services.

National Integrated And Protected Areas System (Nipas) Act Of 1992

(Republic Act No. 7586):
This Law Establishes A System Of Protected Areas In The Philippines And Includes Provisions
For The Conservation Of Biodiversity And Ecosystems, Which Can Be Closely Related To
Scientific And Environmental Research .
 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
Food And Drug Administration Act Of 2009 (Republic Act No. 9711):
This Law Established The Philippine Food And Drug Administration (Fda) And
Regulates The Development, Production, And Marketing Of Pharmaceuticals And
Medical Devices, Which Are Areas Heavily Influenced By Science And
Technology.

Anti-electronic Violence And Cybercrime Prevention Act (Republic Act No.

10630):
This Law Amends The Cybercrime Prevention Act And Includes Provisions On
The Prevention And Punishment Of Electronic Violence And Cybercrime.
 OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
Fe Del Mundo (1911-2011):
Contribution: Dr. Fe Del Mundo Was The First Woman To Be Admitted To Harvard Medical
School And The Founder Of The First Pediatric Hospital In The Philippines, The Children's
Medical Center. She Dedicated Her Life To Pediatric Medicine And Made Numerous Contributions
To Child Healthcare.
Arturo Alcaraz (1921-2003):
Contribution: Dr. Arturo Alcaraz Was A Pioneering Filipino Scientist In The Field Of Nuclear
Physics And Technology. He Contributed Significantly To The Development Of The First
Philippine Nuclear Reactor And Was Involved In Research On Nuclear Energy Applications.
 OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
Bienvenido Juliano (1926-1985):
Contribution: Dr. Bienvenido Juliano Was A Renowned Filipino Chemist Who Made Significant
Contributions To The Study Of Carbohydrates And Plant Biochemistry. He Isolated And
Characterized Many Carbohydrate Compounds And Contributed To Our Understanding Of Rice
Chemistry.
Josefino Comiso:
Contribution: Dr. Josefino Comiso Is A Filipino Physicist And Climatologist Known For His
Work On Satellite Remote Sensing Of Sea Ice In The Polar Regions. His Research Has Been
Instrumental In Monitoring And Understanding Climate Change And Its Effects On Ice Cover.
 OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
ANGEL ALCALA:
Contribution: Dr. Angel Alcala Is A Marine Biologist And Environmentalist Known For
His Work In Marine Conservation. He Played A Significant Role In The Establishment
Of Marine Sanctuaries In The Philippines And Contributed To The Conservation Of
Marine Biodiversity.
 OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
Gelia T. Castillo (1928-2017):
Contribution: Dr. Gelia Castillo Was A Pioneering Agricultural Economist Who
Focused On Rural Development And Sustainability. She Conducted Extensive
Research On Farming Systems And Played A Crucial Role In Improving The Lives
Of Filipino Farmers.
Dr. Eduardo San Juan Sr. (1940-1985):
Contribution: Dr. Eduardo San Juan Sr. Was An Engineer Who Co-invented The
Lunar Rover, A Vehicle Used By Astronauts During The Apollo 15 Mission. His
Work Contributed To The Advancement Of Space Exploration.
 OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
EDGARDO GOMEZ:

Contribution: Dr. Edgardo Gomez Is A Marine Biologist Recognized For His

Research On Coral Reefs And Marine Conservation. He Has Made Significant
Contributions To The Understanding Of Coral Ecosystems And The
Development Of Marine Protected Areas In The Philippines.
These Filipino Scientists Have Made Important Contributions To Science And
Technology, Both Nationally And Internationally, And Have Left A Lasting
Impact On Their Respective Fields.
Thank you!