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RCPC Report G1

This document provides an overview of flexural analysis of beams. It discusses the properties of concrete and reinforced concrete, including compressive and tensile strengths. It also describes the three stages in flexural analysis: the uncracked concrete stage, the cracked-elastic stage, and the ultimate strength stage. Design codes for structural analysis are also referenced. Relevant concepts in load combinations, steel reinforcement, and beam failure mechanics are defined.

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62 views35 pages

RCPC Report G1

This document provides an overview of flexural analysis of beams. It discusses the properties of concrete and reinforced concrete, including compressive and tensile strengths. It also describes the three stages in flexural analysis: the uncracked concrete stage, the cracked-elastic stage, and the ultimate strength stage. Design codes for structural analysis are also referenced. Relevant concepts in load combinations, steel reinforcement, and beam failure mechanics are defined.

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Jancarl Telan
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FLEXURAL ANALYSIS

OF BEAMS

GROUP MEMBERS
JIMMY ALEJO
VERNADETH GARCILIAN FL VARGAS COLLEGE INC. ENGR. HERIBIRTH JIMENEZ
PAUL ADRIAN CALUCAG PROFESSOR
ERICA FLORES CABANILLA
WYNDALE MANALWAP
HANNAH JOY LEGATOC
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
● Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other
aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement
and water.

● Concrete has a high compressive strength and a very low tensile


strength.

● Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel


wherein the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength
lacking in the concrete.
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural
Material
● Reinforced concrete is used in one form or another for almost all
structures, great or small BUILDINGS, BRIDGES, PAVEMENTS,
DAMS, RETAINING WALLS, TUNNELS, DRAINAGE and
IRRIGATION FACILITIES, TANKS, and so on.

● The tremendous success of this universal construction material


can be understood quite easily if its numerous advantages are
considered. These include the following:
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural
Material
● It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most
other materials.
● Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water and,
in fact, is the best structural material available for situations where water is
present. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
● It is a low-maintenance material.
● As compared with other materials, it has a very long service life. Under proper
conditions, reinforced concrete structures can be used indefinitely without
reduction of their load-carrying abilities.
● It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs,
basement walls, piers, and similar applications.
Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a
Structural Material
● Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile
reinforcing.
● Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens
sufficiently.
● The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy
members.
● The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its
proportioning and mixing.
Design codes
● AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI)
● INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (IBC)
● AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAYS AND
TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS (AASHTO)
● NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
(NSCP)
Properties of concrete (SECTION 419-NSCP 2015)
● The compressive strength of
concrete f’c, is determined by testing
the failure 28 day old 6-in. diameter
by 12-in. concrete cylinders at a
specified rate loading
● Although concretes are available
with 28-day ultimate strengths from
2500 psi up to as high as 10,000 psi
to 20,000 psi, most of the concretes
used to fall into the 3000-psi to
7000-psi range.
● Specified Compressive Strength, f’c.
Properties of concrete (SECTION 419-NSCP 2015)
Properties of concrete (SECTION 419-NSCP 2015)
● (a) The curves are roughly straight while the
load is increased from zero to about one-third to
one-half the concrete’s ultimate strength.
● (b) Beyond this range the behavior of concrete
is nonlinear. This lack of linearity of concrete
stress–strain curves at higher stresses causes
some problems in the structural analysis of
concrete structures because their behavior is
also nonlinear at higher stresses.
● (c) Of particular importance is the fact that
regardless of strengths, all the concretes reach
their ultimate strengths at strains of about 0.002.
● (d) Concrete does not have a definite yield
strength; rather, the curves run smoothly on to
the point of rupture at strains of from 0.003 to
0.004. It will be assumed for the purpose of
future calculations in this text that concrete fails
at 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3). The
Properties of concrete (SECTION 419-NSCP 2015)
● Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec
Properties of concrete (SECTION 419-NSCP 2015)
▪Concrete has no clear cut modulus of elasticity. Its value varies
different concrete strengths, concrete age, type of loading, and the
characteristics and proportions of the cement and aggregates.

▪Elastic Modulus quantifies a material’s resistance to non-permanent, or


elastic, deformation

▪Modulus of Rupture, fr
Properties of concrete (SECTION 419-NSCP 2015)
Steel Reinforcement (section 420 – nscp 2015)
▪The reinforcing used for concrete structures may be in the form of
bars or welded wire fabric. Reinforcing bars are referred to as a
plain or deformed.
Steel Reinforcement (section 420 – nscp 2015)
▪ Standard
Steel Reinforcement (section 420 – nscp 2015)
● Bar Sizes
Steel Reinforcement (section 420 – nscp 2015)
● Bar Sizes

● Commercial lengths
Steel Reinforcement (section 420 – nscp 2015)
● Grades
Loads
▪Dead Loads
-Are loads constant magnitude that remain in one position.
They include the weight of the structure under consideration
as well as any fixtures that are permanently attached to it.
▪Live loads
- Are loads that can change in magnitude and position. They
include occupancy land, warehouse materials, construction
loads, overhead service, cranes, equipment operating by
loads, and many others. In general, they are induced by
gravity.
Loads
Loads
▪Environmental loads
- Loads are caused by environment snow and ice, rain,
wind, seismic loads
Combination loads (section 203 – nscp 2015)
Combination loads (section 203 – nscp 2015)
Flexural Analysis of Beams
▪In this section, it is assumed that a small transverse load is
placed on a concrete beam with tensile reinforcing and that
the load is gradually increased in magnitude until the beam
fails. As this takes place, the beam will go through three
distinct stages before collapse occurs. These are: (1) the
uncracked concrete stage, (2) the concrete cracked–elastic
stresses stage, and (3)the ultimate-strength stage. A
relatively long beam is considered for this discussion so
that shear will not have a large effect on its behavior.
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Uncracked Concrete Stage

- stresses are less than the modulus of rupture (the bending


tensile stress at which the concrete begins to crack).
- the beam start to resist bending
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage

- Mcr known cracking moment

- tensile stress at the bottom Equals modulus of rupture

- the compression stress at the top is less than 0.5f'c

-steel stress is less than yield stress


Flexural Analysis of Beams
Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage

- the cracks occur at those places along the beam where the actual moment is great
than the cracking moment.
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Beam Failure—Ultimate-Strength Stage

- as the load is increased further so that the compressive stresses are


greater than 0.50f'c, the tensile cracks move farther upward, as does the
neutral axis, and the concrete compression stresses begin to change
appreciably from a straight line.

- yield stress is approach


Flexural Analysis of Beams
Flexural Analysis of Beams
Beam Concepts and Derivation

As
εt = fy/Es
Strain Diagram Stress Diagram
Beam Concepts and Derivation
d - effective depth

As - area of steel

c - actual depth of the


compression concrete

h
C - compression force due to the
As compression of the concrete

ε
t = fy/Es T - Tensile force due to steel
reinforcement
Strain Diagram Stress Diagram
a - depth of the compression
According to NSCP 2015, block
b - the base or the width of Section 422.2.2.1
compression face of the beam f’c - compression strength of the
Maximum strain at the extreme
concrete
h - total depth of the beam Concrete compression fiber
Shall be assumed 0.003
Beam Concepts and Derivation
a/2

=0.85f’cab

Mu = ΦMn
h d-a/2
As
= Asfy
ε t = fy/Es

Strain Diagram Stress Diagram

● From stress diagram ● From strain Diagram

C=T
0.85f’cab = Asfy

a = asfy/0.85f’cb
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