UNIT

5
CLOUD COMPUTING
MATERIAL
 Introduction

High performance networks and advanced

development of internet is the basis for cloud
computing .

Cloud computing has started taking shape

incorporating virtualization and on demand
deployment and internet delivery of services.
 Conventional Computing
vs.
Cloud Computing

Conventional Cloud

• Manually Provisioned • Self-provisioned

• Dedicated Hardware • Shared Hardware
• Fixed Capacity • Elastic Capacity
• Pay for Capacity • Pay for Use
• Capital & Operational • Operational Expenses
Expenses
 INTRODUCTION

Cloud Computing provides us a means by which

we can access the applications as utilities, over
the Internet. It allows us to create, configure, and
customize applications online.

With Cloud Computing users can access database

resources via the internet from anywhere for as
long as they need without worrying about any
maintenance or management of actual resources.
 A Working Definition of Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned
and released with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability
and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service
models, and four deployment models.

.
 What is Cloud Computing?
• Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a new
class of network based computing that takes place over the
Internet,
– basically a step on from Utility Computing
– a collection/group of integrated and networked hardware,
software and Internet infrastructure (called a platform).
– Using the Internet for communication and transport
provides hardware, software and networking services to
clients
• These platforms hide the complexity and details of the
underlying infrastructure from users and applications by
providing very simple graphical interface or API (Applications
Programming Interface).

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 Introduction
Cloud is a pool of computer
virtualized resources networked,
which can:
□Host a variety of workloads.
□Batch-style back-end jobs.
□Interactive user-facing applications.
□Workloads can be deployed and scaled out quickly
through the rapid provisioning of virtual machines or
physical machines.
□Support redundant, self recovering, highly scalable
programming models that allow workloads to recover
from many unavoidable hardware / software failures.
□Monitor resource use in real time to enable rebalancing
of allocations when needed
 Cloud Summary
• Cloud computing is an umbrella term used to refer to
Internet based development and services.
• A number of characteristics define cloud data,
applications services and infrastructure:
– Remotely hosted: Services or data are hosted on remote
infrastructure.
– Ubiquitous: Services or data are available from
anywhere.
– Commodified: The result is a utility computing model
similar to traditional that of traditional utilities, like gas
and electricity - you pay for what you would want!

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 What is Cloud Computing
APPLICATIO
SERVICE NS
S

COMPUTER

NETWORK
STORAGE
(DATABASE)
SERVERS

• Shared pool of configurable computing resources

• On-demand network access
• Provisioned by the Service Provider
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 What is the purpose and benefits?
• Cloud computing enables companies and
applications, which are system infrastructure
dependent, to be infrastructure-less.
• By using the Cloud infrastructure on “pay as used
and on demand”, all of us can save in capital and
operational investment!
• Clients can:
– Put their data on the platform instead of on their own
desktop PCs and/or on their own servers.
– They can put their applications on the cloud and use the
servers within the cloud to do processing and data
manipulations etc.

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 Cloud Computing Characteristics
Common Characteristics:

Massive Scale Resilient Computing

Homogeneity Geographic Distribution

Virtualization Service Orientation

Low Cost Software Advanced Security

Essential Characteristics:

On Demand Self-Service
Broad Network Access Rapid Elasticity
Resource Pooling Measured Service

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Five Key Cloud Attributes:
1. Shared / pooled resources
2. Broad network access
3. On-demand self-service
4. Scalable and elastic
5. Metered by use
Shared / Pooled Resources:
• Resources are drawn from a common pool
• Common resources build economies of scale
• Common infrastructure runs at high efficiency
Broad Network Access:
• Open standards and APIs
• Almost always IP, HTTP, and REST
• Available from anywhere with an
internet connection
On-Demand Self-Service:
• Completely automated
• Users abstracted from the implementation
• Near real-time delivery (seconds or
minutes)
• Services accessed through a self-
serve web interface
Scalable and Elastic:
• Resources dynamically-allocated
between users
• Additional resources
dynamically-released when
needed
• Fully automated
Metered by Use:
• Services are metered, like a utility
• Users pay only for services used
• Services can be cancelled at any time
 Basic Cloud Characteristics
• The “no-need-to-know” in terms of the underlying
details of infrastructure, applications interface with
the infrastructure via the APIs.
• The “flexibility and elasticity” allows these systems
to scale up and down at will
– utilising the resources of all kinds
• CPU, storage, server capacity, load balancing, and databases
• The “pay as much as used and needed” type of
utility computing and the “always on!, anywhere
and any place” type of network-based computing.

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 Cloud Computing Service Layers
Services Description
Services – Complete business services such as PayPal, OpenID,
Services OAuth, Google Maps, Alexa

Application – Cloud based software that eliminates the need

Application
Application for local installation such as Google Apps, Microsoft Online

Focused Development – Software development platforms used to

Development build custom cloud based applications (PAAS & SAAS) such as
SalesForce
Platform – Cloud based platforms, typically provided using
Platform virtualization, such as Amazon ECC, Sun Grid

Storage – Data storage or cloud based NAS such as CTERA,

Infrastructure Storage iDisk, CloudNAS
Focused
Hosting – Physical data centers such as those run by IBM, HP,
Hosting NaviSite, etc.

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 Different Cloud Computing
Layers
MS Live/ExchangeLabs, IBM,
Application Google Apps; Salesforce.com
Service Quicken Online, Zoho, Cisco
(SaaS)
Google App Engine, Mosso,
Application Force.com, Engine Yard,
Platform Facebook, Heroku, AWS

3Tera, EC2, SliceHost,

GoGrid, RightScale, Linode
Server Platform

Amazon S3, Dell, Apple, ...

Storage Platform

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PUBLIC CLOUD : The Public Cloud allows systems and services to be
easily accessible to the general public. Public cloud may be less secure because
of its openness, e.g., e-mail.

PRIVATE CLOUD : The Private Cloud allows systems and services to be

accessible within an organization. It offers increased security because of its
private nature.

COMMUNITY CLOUD : The Community Cloud allows systems and

services to be accessible by group of organizations.

HYBRID CLOUD : The Hybrid Cloud is mixture of public and private

cloud. However, the critical activities are performed using private cloud while
the non-critical activities are performed using public cloud.
 Modes of Clouds(DEPLOYMENT
Public Cloud
MODELS)
• Computing infrastructure is hosted by cloud vendor at
the vendors premises.
• and can be shared by various organizations.
• E.g. : Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Sales force
Private Cloud
• The computing infrastructure is dedicated to a particular
organization and not shared with other organizations.
• more expensive and more secure when compare to
public cloud.
• E.g. : HP data center, IBM, Sun, Oracle, 3tera
Hybrid Cloud
• Organizations may host critical applications on private
clouds.
• where as relatively less security concerns on public
cloud.
• usage of both public and private together is called hybrid
cloud.
 Service Models

Service Models are the reference models on which the

Cloud Computing is based. These can be categorized
into three basic service models as listed below:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

IaaS – PaaS - SaaS

This is the cloud stack!

 The Cloud Stack

The cloud stack consists of subcategories of

cloud functionality. It’s described as a “stack”
because it is a broad range of services built
upon one another.
 Software as a Service-End Users
The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider' s
applications running on a cloud infrastructure.
► Just run it for me!
► also known as On-demand Service.
► is an application that can be accessed from anywhere on the world as
long as you can have an computer with an Internet Connection.
► We can access this cloud hosted application without any additional
hardware or software.
► E.g. : G-mail, Yahoo mail, Hotmail etc..,
► Also they can provide security features such as SSL encryption, a
cryptographic protocol.
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)-Application
Developers

► Give us nice API (Application Programming Interface) and

take care of the implementation.
► In the PaaS model, cloud providers deliver a computing
platform and/or solution stack typically including
operating
system, programming language execution environment,
database, and web server.
► is a platform for developers to write and create their
own SaaS
i.e. applications.

► which means rapid development at low cost.

► E.g.: Salesforce.com, Windows Azure etc.

 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)-Network
Architect
► also known as hardware as a service.

► is a computing power that you can rent for a limited period of

time.

► allows existing applications to be run on a cloud suppliers

hardware.

► cloud providers offer computers – as physical or more often as

virtual machines – raw (block) storage, firewalls, load
balancers, and networks
 CLOUD SERVICES
SAAS(Software As a Service)
•End User

PAAS(Platform As a Service)
•Application Developer

IAAS(Infrastructure As a Service)
•Network Architects
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is the delivery of technology infrastructure as an

on demand scalable service.
IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as
physical machines, virtual machines, virtual storage,
etc.

• Usually billed based on usage

• Usually multi virtualized environment
• Can be coupled with Managed Services for OS and
application support
 Defining IaaS

□ Delivers computer infrastructure and storage on demand, via the

Internet
□ Rather than purchasing servers, software, data center space or
network equipment, clients buy those resources as a fully
outsourced service from a provider
What are the benefits of
iaas?
Scalability
□ Resources are available at all times
□ This causes no delays in growing capacity

Eliminate major hardware investments

□ Physical hardware is set up and maintained by the
cloud provider
□ Saves time and money
Additional Benefits
Location independence
□ Access data from ANY time ANY place
▪ All you need is Internet access

Physical security of data center locations

□ Keycard protocols, biometric scanning protocols and
round-the-clock interior and exterior surveillance
monitor access to every one of our data centers
□ Only authorized data center personnel are granted access
IaaS Examples
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS provides the runtime environment for applications,

development & deployment tools, etc.

PaaS provides all of the facilities required to support

the complete life cycle of building and delivering web
applications and services entirely from the Internet.

Typically applications must be developed with a particular

platform in mind

• Multi tenant environments

• Highly scalable multi tier architecture
 Platform as a Service
•Give us nice API (Application Programming Interface)
and take care of the implementation.
•In the PaaS model, cloud providers deliver a computing
platform and/or solution stack typically including
operating system, programming language execution
environment, database, and web server.
•PaaS is a platform for developers to write and create
their own SaaS i.e. applications.
• which means rapid development at low cost.
• E.g.: Salesforce.com, Windows Azure etc
 Defining PaaS

□ A platform and environment for developers to

build applications and services without the
complexity of building and maintaining the
infrastructure typically associated with developing
and launching an app.
What are the benefits?
Flexibility
□ Customers have control over what tools are
installed within their platform
□ They can create services that best fit their
requirements

No extra physical infrastructure

□ No need to purchase additional hardware
□ Focus on the development of
applications
Additional Benefits
Adaptability
□ With the pay-as-you-go model, features can be
changed if the circumstances dictate they should

Work together from various locations

□ Since all you need is Internet access and a Web
browser, employees can work across several
locations
PaaS Examples
 Software as a Service (SaaS)
SaaS model allows to use software applications as a service
to end users.

SaaS is a software delivery methodology that provides

licensed multi-tenant access to software and its functions
remotely as a Web-based service.

• Usually billed based on usage

• Usually multi tenant environment
• Highly scalable architecture
 Software As a Service
• Just run it for me!
• SaaS is also known as On-demand Service.
•SaaS is an application that can be accessed
from anywhere on the world as long as you can
have an computer with an Internet
Connection.
•We can access this cloud hosted application
without any additional hardware or software.
•Also they can provide security features such as
SSL encryption, a cryptographic protocol.
 Software as a Service (SaaS)
• SaaS is a model of software deployment where an
application is hosted as a service provided to
customers across the Internet.
• Saas alleviates the burden of software
maintenance/support
– but users relinquish control over software versions and
requirements.
• Terms that are used in this sphere include
– Platform as a Service (PaaS) and
– Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

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 Defining SaaS

□ Describes any cloud service where clients are able to access

software applications over the Internet. The applications are
hosted in “the cloud” and can be used for a wide range of tasks
for both individuals and organizations. Users are able to
access the services via any Internet-enabled device.
What are the benefits?
□ Eliminate set up costs
□ Scalable, with upgrades available on demand
□ Access is compatible across all Internet-capable
devices
□ Anywhere, any time access
□ Lower overall costs
□ Improved security
□ Ability to test software before committing
SaaS Examples
Do you Use the Cloud?
Architecture Overview
Framework of cloud computing
Application Services and built in functionality

Developments tools
Platform
Basic middleware
(database services , application server
Virtualized resources Virtualized images
Compute Networking Image
Infrastructure Metadata
Storage
Image
Software kernel (OS. VM Manager)

Hardware
 View of Cloud Deployment
Cloud Client
Application Infrastructure

Application
SaaS

Application
Virtualized
Service

PaaS
Platfor
m

Storage
IaaS
Infrastructure
 Opportunities and Challenges
• The use of the cloud provides a number of
opportunities:
– It enables services to be used without any understanding
of their infrastructure.
– Cloud computing works using economies of scale:
• It potentially lowers the outlay expense for start up companies, as
they would no longer need to buy their own software or servers.
• Cost would be by on-demand pricing.
• Vendors and Service providers claim costs by establishing an
ongoing revenue stream.
– Data and services are stored remotely but accessible from
“anywhere”.

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 Opportunities and Challenges
• In parallel there has been backlash against cloud computing:
– Use of cloud computing means dependence on others and that could
possibly limit flexibility and innovation:
• The others are likely become the bigger Internet companies like Google
and IBM, who may monopolise the market.
• Some argue that this use of supercomputers is a return to the time of
mainframe computing that the PC was a reaction against.
– Security could prove to be a big issue:
• It is still unclear how safe out-sourced data is and when using these
services ownership of data is not always clear.
– There are also issues relating to policy and access:
• If your data is stored abroad whose policy do you adhere to?
• What happens if the remote server goes down?
• How will you then access files?
• There have been cases of users being locked out of accounts and losing
access to data.

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 Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Lower computer costs:
– You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer
to run cloud computing's web-based applications.
– Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC,
your desktop PC does not need the processing power or hard
disk space demanded by traditional desktop software.
– When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be
less expensive, with a smaller hard disk, less memory, more
efficient processor...
– In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or
DVD drive, as no software programs have to be loaded and
no document files need to be saved.

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 Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Improved performance:
– With few large programs hogging your computer's
memory, you will see better performance from your PC.
– Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run
faster because they have fewer programs and processes
loaded into memory…
• Reduced software costs:
– Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you
can get most of what you need for free-ish!
• most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google Docs suite.
– better than paying for similar commercial software
• which alone may be justification for switching to cloud applications.

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 Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Instant software updates:
– Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no longer faced
with choosing between obsolete software and high upgrade costs.
– When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically
• available the next time you log into the cloud.
– When you access a web-based application, you get the latest version
• without needing to pay for or download an upgrade.

• Improved document format compatibility.

– You do not have to worry about the documents you create on your
machine being compatible with other users' applications or OSes
– There are potentially no format incompatibilities when everyone is
sharing documents and applications in the cloud.

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 Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Unlimited storage capacity:
– Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.
– Your computer's current 1 Tbyte hard drive is small
compared to the hundreds of Pbytes available in the cloud.
• Increased data reliability:
– Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes
and destroy all your valuable data, a computer crashing in
the cloud should not affect the storage of your data.
• if your personal computer crashes, all your data is still out there in
the cloud, still accessible
– In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up
their data on a regular basis, cloud computing is a
data-safe computing platform!

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 Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Universal document access:
– That is not a problem with cloud computing, because you
do not take your documents with you.
– Instead, they stay in the cloud, and you can access them
whenever you have a computer and an Internet connection
– Documents are instantly available from wherever you are
• Latest version availability:
– When you edit a document at home, that edited version is
what you see when you access the document at work.
– The cloud always hosts the latest version of your
documents
• as long as you are connected, you are not in danger of having an outdated
version

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 Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Easier group collaboration(teamwork):
– Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
– Many users do this as it is an important advantages of cloud
computing
• multiple users can collaborate easily on documents and projects
• Device independence.
– You are no longer to a single computer or network.
– Changes to computers, applications and documents follow
you through the cloud.
– Move to a portable device, and your applications and
documents are still available.

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 Advantages

• Lower computer costs

• Improved performance:
• Reduced software costs
• Instant software updates
• Improved document format compatibility
• Unlimited storage capacity
• Increased data reliability
• Universal document access
• Latest version availability
• Easier group collaboration
• Device independence
 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• Requires a constant Internet connection:
– Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to
the Internet.
– Since you use the Internet to connect to both your
applications and documents, if you do not have an
Internet connection you cannot access anything, even your
own documents.
– A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas
where Internet connections are few or inherently
unreliable, this could be a deal-breaker.

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 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• Does not work well with low-speed connections:
– Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that
found with dial-up services, makes cloud computing
painful at best and often impossible.
– Web-based applications require a lot of bandwidth to
download, as do large documents.
• Features might be limited:
– This situation is bound to change, but today many
web-based applications simply are not as full-featured as
their desktop-based applications.
• For example, you can do a lot more with Microsoft PowerPoint
than with Google Presentation's web-based offering

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 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• Can be slow:
– Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can
sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software
program on your desktop PC.
– Everything about the program, from the interface to the
current document, has to be sent back and forth from your
computer to the computers in the cloud.
– If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that
moment, or if the Internet is having a slow day, you would
not get the instantaneous access you might expect from
desktop applications.

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 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• Stored data might not be secure:
– With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
• The questions is How secure is the cloud?
– Can unauthorised users gain access to your confidential data?
• Stored data can be lost:
– Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated
across multiple machines.
– But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have
no physical or local backup.
• Put simply, relying on the cloud puts you at risk if the cloud lets you
down.

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 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• HPC Systems:
– Not clear that you can run compute-intensive HPC
applications that use MPI/OpenMP!
– Scheduling is important with this type of
application
• as you want all the VM to be co-located to minimize communication
latency!
• General Concerns:
– Each cloud systems uses different protocols and different
APIs
• may not be possible to run applications between cloud based
systems
– Amazon has created its own DB system (not SQL 92), and
workflow system (many popular workflow systems out there)
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• so your normal applications will have to be adapted to execute on
these platforms.
 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

► Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to

the Internet.

► Since you use the Internet to connect to both your

applications and documents, if you do not have an Internet
connection you cannot access anything, even your own
documents.

► A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas where

Internet connections are few or inherently unreliable, this
could be a deal-breaker.

► When you are offline, cloud computing simply does not work.
 Disadvantages

• Requires a constant Internet connection

• Does not work well with low-speed connections
• Features might be limited
• Can be slow
• Stored data can be lost
• Stored data might not be secure
 The Future
• Many of the activities loosely grouped together under cloud
computing have already been happening and centralised
computing activity is not a new phenomena
• Grid Computing was the last research-led centralised
approach
• However there are concerns that the mainstream adoption of
cloud computing could cause many problems for users
• Many new open source systems appearing that you can install
and run on your local cluster
– should be able to run a variety of applications on these systems

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Cloud Storage

• Create an Account
User name and
password.

• Content lives with the

account in the cloud.

• Log onto any

computer with Wi-Fi
to find your content
 Cloud Operating Systems

► Eye OS
► Amoeba OS
► Glide OS
► Start force
► myGoya
► CorneliOS
► Lucid Desktop
► Cloudo, Ghost, Zimdesk, Start force etc.,
Major Players of Cloud Computing

Many players make up the world of cloud computing:

The vendors providing applications and enabling technology, infrastructure, hardware,

and integration

The partners of these vendors that are creating cloud services offerings and providing
support services to customers

The business leaders themselves who are either using or evaluating various types of
cloud computing offerings
Cloud Business Leaders
• Microsoft Amazon
• Google
• VMware
• IBM Gartner

Cloud Business Partners

• Cloud Solutions (Microsoft)

• Cloud Technologies (Microsoft)

• SQLStream (Google) ? Cascadeo (Google)