Variables

Variables in Quantitative
Research
Practical Research II
Factors that influence low academic
performance
VARIABLES
Let’s
analyze this
situation
What is a Variable?
Anything that can AFFECT or

An entity that can take on
CHANGE the RESULTS of a
DIFFERENT VALUES
study.
VARIABLE
An aspect of a theory that can Anything that can VARY can

VARY or CHANGE as part of be considered a variable;
the INTERACTION these are needed to
UNDERSTAND DIFFERENCES
Remember
A variable may take DIFFERENT forms
ANYTHING can
be a variable,
Something that a
researcher is
INTERESTED
GENDER IQ LEVEL
in
AGE
MEDICAL
LIFESTYLE TEMPERATURE
TREATMENT USED
VARIABLE CLASSIFICATIONS
NUMERRIC
CATEGORICAL
EXPERIMENTAL
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
NUMERIC VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATIONS
Variables with values that describe a MEASURABLE

NUMERICAL quantity
How many? How much?
QUANTITATIVE DATA
TWO TYPES OF NUMERIC VARIABLES
DISCRETE VARIABLES CONTINUOUS VARIABLE

DISCRETE VARIABLES VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATIONS
are countable whole numbers. It does not take

negative values or values between fixed points.
CLASS ATTENDANCE NO. OF CHILDREN IN THE

FAMILY
NO. OF ESTABLISHMENTS IN AN AREA

CONTINUOUS VARIABLES VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATIONS
take fractional (non-whole number) values that can

either be a positive or a negative.
TIME HEIGHT
TEMPERATURE
Numerical data have two levels of measurement VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATIONS
INTERVAL RATIO
where the interval or differences

type of data is similar to interval,
between consecutive values are
the only difference is the presence
equal and meaningful but the
of a true zero value
numbers are arbitrary.
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
the difference between 36

degrees and 37 degrees is the age, height, weight and distance.
same as between 100 degrees
and 101 degrees
CATEGORICAL VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATIONS
Variables with values that describe a QUALITY or

CHARACTERISTIC of a data unit.
What type? Which

category?
QUALITATIVE DATA
TWO TYPES OF NUMERIC

VARIABLES
NOMINAL VARIABLES
DICHOTOMOUS
ORDINAL VARIABLES VARIABLES
ORDINAL VARIABLES VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATIONS
from the name itself denotes that a variable is
ranked in a certain order. This variable can have a
qualitative or quantitative attribute
ACADEMIC RANKING LEVELS OF

SATISFACTION
SPOTIFY TOP 20 HITS

NOMINAL VARIABLES VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATIONS
simply defines groups of subjects. Here you may
have more than 2 categories of equivalent
magnitude.
LEARNING STYLE BLOOD TYPE
JERSEY NUMBERS
DICHOTOMOUS POLYCHOTOMOUS VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATIONS
Variables that
Variables that have
represent only TWO
MANY categories
categories
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATIONS
Variables that determine CAUSAL relationship
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES
DEPENDENT
VARIABLES
CONTROL VARIABLES
MODERATING
VARIABLES
EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT CAUSAL VARIABLE
VARIABLE
VARIABLES CLASSIFICATIONS
PRESUMED TO CAUSE CHANGES IN ANOTHER VARIABLE
USUALLY MANIPULATE IN AN EXPERIMENT
DEPENDENT
VARIABLES EFFECT VARIABLE
VARIABLES THAT CHANGE BECAUSE OF ANOTHER VARIABLE

USUALLY AFFECTED BY MANIPULATION OF THE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
VARIABLES THAT ARE MONITORED IN AN EXPERIMENT

THE EFFECT OF STUDYING IN THE ACADEMIC VARIABLE
PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS CLASSIFICATIONS
ACADEMIC
STUDYING PERFORMANCE
STUDYING AFFECTS
ACADEMIC
INDEPENDENT PERFORMANCE DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
THE EFFECT OF DIET AND EXERCISE ON THE VARIABLE
PHSICAL FITNESS OF INDIVIDUALS CLASSIFICATIONS
DIET & EXERCISE PHYSICAL FITNESS
DIET AND EXERCISE

AFFECTS THE
PHYSICAL FITNESS
OF INDIVIDUALS
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
CONTROL VARIABLES
VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATIONS
VARIABLES THAT ARE HELD CONSTANT
HELP TO IDENTIFY THE POSSIBLE DIFFERENCES IN THE OUTCOMES

AS A RESULT OF CONTROLLING CERTAIN VARIABLE
DEPENDENT
VARIABLES
VARIABLE THAT DELINEATES HOW A RELATIONSHIP OF
INTEREST CHANGES UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OR
CIRCUMTANSES
MAYBE QUANTITATIVE OR QUALITATIVE IN
NATURE
VARIABLE VARIABLE
ACADEMIC
PLAYING MUSIC PERFORMACE
MODERATOR
CONTROL VARIABLE
VARIABLE
CLASS DURATION GENRE OF MUSIC
CLASSICAL
MUSIC
60 MINUNTES/CLASS
ROCK MUSIC
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATIONS
VARIABLES THAT ARE ALREADY EXISTING DURING

THE CONDUCT OF AN EXPERIMENT
THESE VARIABLES COULD INFLUENCE THE
RESULTS OF THE STUDY
AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE, MUST BE CONTROLLED BECAUSE

THEY CAN OFFER AN ALTERNATIVE RESULT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
ACADEMIC
PLAYING MUSIC PERFORMACE
EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLES

Variables

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Variables in Quantitative

Anything that can AFFECT or

An aspect of a theory that can Anything that can VARY can

Variables with values that describe a MEASURABLE

How many? How much?

TWO TYPES OF NUMERIC VARIABLES

DISCRETE VARIABLES CONTINUOUS VARIABLE

are countable whole numbers. It does not take

CLASS ATTENDANCE NO. OF CHILDREN IN THE

NO. OF ESTABLISHMENTS IN AN AREA

take fractional (non-whole number) values that can

where the interval or differences

the difference between 36

Variables with values that describe a QUALITY or

What type? Which

TWO TYPES OF NUMERIC

ACADEMIC RANKING LEVELS OF

SPOTIFY TOP 20 HITS

LEARNING STYLE BLOOD TYPE

Variables that determine CAUSAL relationship

PRESUMED TO CAUSE CHANGES IN ANOTHER VARIABLE

USUALLY MANIPULATE IN AN EXPERIMENT

VARIABLES THAT CHANGE BECAUSE OF ANOTHER VARIABLE

VARIABLES THAT ARE MONITORED IN AN EXPERIMENT

DIET & EXERCISE PHYSICAL FITNESS

DIET AND EXERCISE

VARIABLES THAT ARE HELD CONSTANT

HELP TO IDENTIFY THE POSSIBLE DIFFERENCES IN THE OUTCOMES

CLASS DURATION GENRE OF MUSIC

VARIABLES THAT ARE ALREADY EXISTING DURING

AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE, MUST BE CONTROLLED BECAUSE

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