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Lesson 4 Rules of Replacement For Quantified Statements

The document discusses rules of inference for quantified statements in logic. It introduces four rules: universal instantiation, which allows concluding that a statement is true about an individual if it is universally true; universal generalization, which allows universally quantifying a statement if it is true about an arbitrary case; existential instantiation, which allows referencing an individual for which an existentially quantified statement is true; and existential generalization, which allows existentially quantifying a statement if it is true for a particular individual. Examples of applying each rule are provided.

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68 views7 pages

Lesson 4 Rules of Replacement For Quantified Statements

The document discusses rules of inference for quantified statements in logic. It introduces four rules: universal instantiation, which allows concluding that a statement is true about an individual if it is universally true; universal generalization, which allows universally quantifying a statement if it is true about an arbitrary case; existential instantiation, which allows referencing an individual for which an existentially quantified statement is true; and existential generalization, which allows existentially quantifying a statement if it is true for a particular individual. Examples of applying each rule are provided.

Uploaded by

gwapogi0320
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

PA R A Ñ A Q U E C I T Y C A M P U S

Discrete Mathematics/Structures 1
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
PA R A Ñ A Q U E C I T Y C A M P U S

Have you heard of these statements?


• Men with tattoos are bad person.
• Men are strong and women are weak.
• Provincial people are unfashionable.
• Americans are rude and racist.
• Muslims are terrorists.
• The government officials are corrupt.
• Older people are viewed having good sense of decision
making.
Discrete Mathematics/Structures 1
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
PA R A Ñ A Q U E C I T Y C A M P U S

LESSON 4: RULES OF
REPLACEMENT FOR
QUANTIFIED STATEMENTS
PROF. KENNETH E. ABAJA

Discrete Mathematics/Structures 1
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
PA R A Ñ A Q U E C I T Y C A M P U S

RULES OF INFERENCE FOR QUANTIFIED


STATEMENTS
1. Universal Instantiation: This rule is used to conclude that P(c) is true when
∀xP(x) is also true.

All men are strong. Michael is a man. Therefore, Michael is strong.

Discrete Mathematics/Structures 1
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
PA R A Ñ A Q U E C I T Y C A M P U S

RULES OF INFERENCE FOR QUANTIFIED


STATEMENTS
2. Universal Generalization: This rule states that ∀xP(x) is true, given the
premise, P(c) is true for an arbitrary c.

All men are strong. All strong people never cry. Therefore, all men never cry.

Discrete Mathematics/Structures 1
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
PA R A Ñ A Q U E C I T Y C A M P U S

RULES OF INFERENCE FOR QUANTIFIED


STATEMENTS
3. Existential Instantiation: This rule allow us to conclude that there is some
element c for which P(c) is true when ∃x P(x) is true.

4. Existential Generalization: This rule states that ∃x P(x) is true when for a
particular element c, P(c) is true. If we know for some element c in the domain,
P(c) is true; we also know that ∃x P(x) is true.

Discrete Mathematics/Structures 1
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
PA R A Ñ A Q U E C I T Y C A M P U S

RULES OF INFERENCE FOR QUANTIFIED


STATEMENTS
Example: A student in Research Class doesn’t look for reliable materials. All
student in Research Class passed the subject. Therefore, someone who passed
Research Class doesn’t look for reliable sources.

Discrete Mathematics/Structures 1

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