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Lecture 6 Digital Transmission

This document discusses digital transmission and line coding. It provides examples of calculating bit rates for signals with different data levels and pulse durations. It also discusses how a small difference in sender and receiver clock speeds can result in an extra bit being received per second. The document covers various line coding schemes including unipolar, polar, NRZ-L, NRZ-I, RZ, Manchester, and differential Manchester encoding. It also discusses analog-to-digital conversion techniques including PCM, sampling rates, and the Nyquist theorem.

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18 views55 pages

Lecture 6 Digital Transmission

This document discusses digital transmission and line coding. It provides examples of calculating bit rates for signals with different data levels and pulse durations. It also discusses how a small difference in sender and receiver clock speeds can result in an extra bit being received per second. The document covers various line coding schemes including unipolar, polar, NRZ-L, NRZ-I, RZ, Manchester, and differential Manchester encoding. It also discusses analog-to-digital conversion techniques including PCM, sampling rates, and the Nyquist theorem.

Uploaded by

rahulmukherjee2013
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 6:Digital Transmission

Dr. Amitava Nag


Associate Professor and Head
Dept. of IT
Academy of Technology
[email protected]
Line coding
Example 1

A signal has two data levels with a pulse duration of 1


ms. We calculate the pulse rate and bit rate as follows:

Pulse Rate = 1/ 10-3= 1000 pulses/s


Bit Rate = Pulse Rate x log2 L = 1000 x log2 2 = 1000 bps
Example 2
A signal has four data levels with a pulse duration of 1
ms. We calculate the pulse rate and bit rate as follows:

Pulse Rate = = 1000 pulses/s


Bit Rate = PulseRate x log2 L = 1000 x log2 4 = 2000 bps
Example 3
In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent
faster than the sender clock. How many extra bits per
second does the receiver receive if the data rate is 1
Kbps? How many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?

Solution
At 1 Kbps:
1000 bits sent 1001 bits received1 extra bps
At 1 Mbps:
1,000,000 bits sent 1,001,000 bits received1000 extra bps
Note:
Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate
is the number of signal elements per second.

In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud


rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.
Example 1

An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If


1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit
rate.

Solution
In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can
find the value of N from
Example 2

An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud


rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are carried
by each signal element? How many signal elements do
we need?
Solution
In this example, S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and L are
unknown. We find first the value of r and then the value of
L.
Figure 2 Line coding schemes
Note:

Unipolar encoding uses only one


voltage level.
Figure 3 Unipolar encoding
Note:

Polar encoding uses two voltage


levels (positive and negative).
Figure 4 Types of polar encoding
Note:

In NRZ-L the level of the signal is


dependent upon the state of the
bit.
Note:

In NRZ-I the signal is inverted if a


1 is encountered.
Figure 5 NRZ-L and NRZ-I encoding
Figure 6 RZ encoding
Note:

A good encoded digital signal


must contain a provision for
synchronization.
Figure 7 Manchester encoding
Note:

In Manchester encoding, the


transition at the middle of the bit
is used for both synchronization
and bit representation.
Figure 8 Differential Manchester encoding
Note:

In differential Manchester encoding, the


transition at the middle of the bit is used
only for synchronization.

The bit representation is defined by the


inversion or noninversion at the beginning
of the bit.
Note:

In bipolar encoding, we use three


levels: positive, zero,
and negative.
Figure 9 Bipolar AMI encoding
Block Coding
Figure 10 Block coding
Figure 11 Substitution in block coding
Figure 12 PAM
Note:

Pulse amplitude modulation has


some applications, but it is not
used by itself in data
communication. However, it is the
first step in another very popular
conversion method called
pulse code modulation.
Note:

According to the Nyquist theorem,


the sampling rate must be at least
2 times the highest frequency.
Example 4
What sampling rate is needed for a signal with a
bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz)?
Solution
The sampling rate must be twice the highest
frequency in the signal:

Sampling rate = 2 x (11,000) = 22,000


samples/s
Example 5
A signal is sampled. Each sample requires at least 12
levels of precision (+0 to +5 and -0 to -5). How many bits
should be sent for each sample?

Solution
We need 4 bits; 1 bit for the sign and 3 bits for the
value. A 3-bit value can represent 23 = 8 levels (000 to
111), which is more than what we need. A 2-bit value is
not enough since 22 = 4. A 4-bit value is too much
because 24 = 16.
Example 6
We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate,
assuming 8 bits per sample?
Solution

The human voice normally contains frequencies from


0 to 4000 Hz.
Sampling rate = 4000 x 2 = 8000 samples/s

Bit rate = sampling rate x number of bits per sample


= 8000 x 8 = 64,000 bps = 64 Kbps
Note:

Note that we can always change a


band-pass signal to a low-pass
signal before sampling. In this
case, the sampling rate is twice
the bandwidth.
Transmission Mode

1)Parallel Transmission

2)Serial Transmission
Figure 18 Data transmission
Figure 19 Parallel transmission
Figure 20 Serial transmission
Note:

In asynchronous transmission, we
send 1 start bit (0) at the
beginning and 1 or more stop bits
(1s) at the end of each byte. There
may be a gap between each byte.
Note:

Asynchronous here means


“asynchronous at the byte level,”
but the bits are still synchronized;
their durations are the same.
Figure 4.27 Asynchronous transmission
Note:

In synchronous transmission,
we send bits one after another
without start/stop bits or gaps.
It is the responsibility of the
receiver to group the bits.
Synchronous transmission
Quiz
1. Unipolar, bipolar, and polar encoding are types of
_______ encoding.
A) line
B) block
C) NRZ
D) Manchester

A) Line
Quiz
2. _____ encoding has a transition at the middle of
each bit.
A) RZ
B) Manchester
C) Differential Manchester
D) All the above

D) All the above


Quiz
3. ______ encoding has a transition at the
beginning of each 0 bit.
A) RZ
B) Manchester
C) Differential Manchester
D) All the above

C)Differential Manchester
Quiz
4. PCM is an example of _______ conversion.
A) digital-to-digital
B) digital-to-analog
C) analog-to-analog
D) analog

D) Analog
Quiz
5. If the frequency spectrum of a signal has a bandwidth of 500
Hz with the highest frequency at 600 Hz, what should be the
sampling rate, according to the Nyquist theorem?
A) 200 samples/s
B) 500 samples/s
C) 1000 samples/s
D) 1200 samples/s

D) 1200 samples/s
Quiz
6. The Nyquist theorem specifies the minimum sampling rate to
be_______.
A) equal to the lowest frequency of a signal
B) equal to the highest frequency of a signal
C) twice the bandwidth of a signal
D) twice the highest frequency of a signal

D) twice the highest frequency of a signal


Quiz
7. In a _____ scheme, all the signal levels are on one
side of the time axis, either above or below.
A) polar
B) bipolar
C) unipolar
D) all of the above

C) unipolar
Quiz
8. In ______ schemes, the voltages are on the both sides of the
time axis. For example, the voltage level for 0 can be positive
and the voltage level for 1 can be negative.
A) polar
B) bipolar
C) unipolar
D) all of the above

a) polar
Quiz
9. In _____ the level of the voltage determines the
value of the bit.
A) NRZ-I
B) NRZ-L
C) both (a) and (b)
D) neither (a) nor (b)

b) NRZ-L
Quiz
10. In ______, the change or lack of change in the level
of the voltage determines the value of the bit.
A) NRZ-I
B) NRZ-L
C) both (a) and (b)
D) neither (a) nor (b)

A) NRZ-I
Quiz
11. The idea of RZ and the idea of NRZ-L are combined
into the ________ scheme.
A) Manchester
B) differential Manchester
C) both (a) and (b)
D) neither (a) nor (b)

A) Manchester
Quiz
12. The idea of RZ and the idea of NRZ-I are combined
into the ________ scheme.
A) Manchester
B) differential Manchester
C) both (a) and (b)
D) neither (a) nor (b)

B) differential Manchester

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