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Electrodynamics - Week 1 - Lecture Materials

This document provides an overview of the course Electrodynamics with course code PH 251 to be offered in the spring 2024 semester. It covers the following topics in vector analysis: definitions of scalar and vector quantities; methods for adding, subtracting and multiplying vectors; dot and cross products of vectors; vector algebra using component forms; and transformations of vectors under changes of coordinate systems. Triple products, differential calculus concepts including gradients, and their applications to vector analysis are also introduced.

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33 views11 pages

Electrodynamics - Week 1 - Lecture Materials

This document provides an overview of the course Electrodynamics with course code PH 251 to be offered in the spring 2024 semester. It covers the following topics in vector analysis: definitions of scalar and vector quantities; methods for adding, subtracting and multiplying vectors; dot and cross products of vectors; vector algebra using component forms; and transformations of vectors under changes of coordinate systems. Triple products, differential calculus concepts including gradients, and their applications to vector analysis are also introduced.

Uploaded by

atififp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COURSE TITLE:

ELECTRODYNAMICS

COURSE CODE: PH 251

SEMESTER: SPRING 24

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Chapter # 1: Vector Analysis
Scalar quantities are those which have characterized by its magnitude; e.g. mass, time, volume,
temperature, etc. They are represented by un-bold letters such as m, V, T, etc.
Vector quantities are those which have both magnitude and direction; e.g. velocity, position, force,
electric and magnetic fields, etc. They are represented by bold letters such as v, F, E, B, etc.
Vector operations:
(i) Addition of two vectors: Vector addition is commutative i.e., A+B=B+A
Addition is also associative i.e., (A + B ) + C = A + (B + C )
To subtract a vector, add its opposite : A - B = A + (-B)
(ii) Multiplication by a scalar: Scalar multiplication is distributive i.e., a(A + B) = aA + aB
(iii) Dot product of two vectors: The dot product of two vectors is defined by A . B = ABcosθ,
Note that A . B is itself a scalar (hence the alternative name scalar product).
Geometrically, A . B is the product of A times the projection of B along A
(or the product of B times the projection of A along B).
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The dot product is commutative, A.B=B.A
Also, dot product is distributive, A· (B+C) = A·B + A·C
If the two vectors are parallel, then A . B=AB
If two vectors are perpendicular, then A.B=0
In particular, for any vector A, A . A = A2

(iv) Cross product of two vectors: The cross product of two vectors is defined by
A x B = AB sinθ n
where n is a unit vector (vector of length 1) pointing perpendicular to the plane of A and B.
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(iv) Cross product of two vectors: The cross product of two vectors is defined by
A x B = AB sinθ n
where n is a unit vector (vector of length 1) pointing perpendicular to the plane of A and B.
A x B points n inward ; B x A points n outward.
The cross product is distributive, A x (B + C) = (A x B) + (A x C)
but not commutative. In fact, (B x A) = -(A x B)
If two vectors are parallel, their cross product is zero. In particular,
AxA=0
Vector Algebra: Component Form
An arbitrary vector A can be expanded in terms of these basis vectors:
A = A x i + Ay j + A z k
The numbers Ax, Ay, and Az, are called components of A; geometrically,
they are the projections of A along the three coordinate axes.

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Triple Products
Since the cross product of two vectors is itself a vector, it can be dotted or crossed with a third vector to
form a triple product.
(i) Scalar triple product: A· (B x C).
Geometrically, A· (B x C) is the volume of the parallelepiped generated by
A, B, and C, since BxC is the area of the base, and Acosθ is the altitude.
Dot and cross can be interchanged ; A · (B x C) = (A x B) . C
In component form

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How Vectors Transform
For two dimensional case, the component of vector A w.r.t
yz plan are

the component of vector A w.r.t plan are

From the figure , thus

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Transformation matrix: Describes rotation of coordinate system while an object
remain fixed.
Rotation matrix: Describes rotation of an object in fixed coordinate system.

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Differential Calculus

Consider a function T (x,y,z), its derivative (dT) can be defined as:

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Here is called gradient of function “T” and it is a vector quantity with three components.

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