SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY
, AND
SOCIETY
Lesson
1:
Intellectual
Revolutions That
Defined Society
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students should be
able to:
discuss how the ideas postulate by Copernicus,
Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of
scientific revolution; and
analye how scientific revolution is done in various
parts of the world like in Latin America, East Asia,
Middle East, and Africa.
SC IENC E REVOLUTION: How ca n
Science be defined?
1.Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all
available systematic explanations and observations
about the natural and physical world.
2.Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a
systematic and practical study of the natural and
physical world. This process of study involves systematic
observation and experimentation.
SC IENC E REVOLUTION: How ca n
Science be defined?
3.Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline,
a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the
process of learning about the natural and physical world. This is
what we refer to as school science.

4.Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that

science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings
to develop better understanding of the world around them. It is a
mean to improve life and to survive in life.
Scientific Revolution
Started in the early 16th century up to 18th century in Europe, because of
the invention of printing machine and the blooming intellectual activities
done in various places of learning

Was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of

Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Biology and Chemistry transformed
the views of society about nature.

Was the Golden Age for people committed to scholarly life in science.
Scientific Revolution
Started in the early 16th century up to 18th century in Europe, because of
the invention of printing machine and the blooming intellectual activities
done in various places of learning

Was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of

Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Biology and Chemistry transformed
the views of society about nature.

Was the Golden Age for people committed to scholarly life in science.
Scientific Revolution

It is very significant in the development of human beings,

transformation of the society, and the formulation of scientific ideas.

Led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the
establishment of a strong foundation for modern science.
Figure 1. Influences to Scientific
Revolution
Three Notable Scientists and their
Revolutionary Ideas.
Nicolaus
Copernicus Charles
Darwin Sigmund
Freud
Nicolaus Copernicus
He was interested in Astronomy and his ideas were an example of
what is presently called as a thought experiment.
Written the manuscript called "Commentariolus" (Little
Commentary)
The publication of his book "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
(On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 is often cited
as the start of the scientific revolution. In his book, he wanted a
model of the universe in which everything moved around a single
center at unvarying rates.
Nicolaus Copernicus

Copernicus placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe.

The Earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the Sun
each year. The moon, however, would still be seen orbiting the
Earth.
Copernicus' model of Earth orbiting around the Sun automatically
positioned the planets into a logical sequence.
Two Kinds of Planetary Motion according
to Copernicus' Model:

1.) The orbits of Venus a nd Mercury la y inside the

orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun;
2. ) The orbits of Ma rs, Sa turn, a nd J upiter la y outside the
Ea rth's orbit, thus,farther from the Sun.
From Copernicus' model, he would work on the length of
time it will take for each planet to orbit once around the
Sun. The result would form a sequence from Mercury,
with a shortest year, through Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
and Saturn with the longest year. He placed the order of
increasing distance from the Sun.
One of the greatest problem of Copernicus model
was the position of the stars. The stars cannot be
placed in a fixed position like crystals in a distance
sphere.
During the 16th century, the Copernican model was
judged to be heretic and therefore was unacceptable
to be taught to Catholics. It was also banned by the
Catholic Church for the rest of the century.
Charles Darwin
Famous for his theory of evolution
In 1589, he published his book, "The Origin of Species", which was also
considered to be one of the most important works in scientific literature.
Darwin collected significant materials to support his theory. His book presented
evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and
adaptation that differentiate species.
In his book called "The Descent of Man", he introduced the idea of all
organic
life, including human beings under the realm of evolutionary thinking. This
repaced the dominant views of religious or biblical design that places human
beings in a privileged position of having been created by God.
Darwin made major contributions to:

Evolutionary biology
Philosophy Science
 More than Darwin's works, what made him really remarkable
wa s his coura ge to cha llenge religious a nd
unscientific idea s that are deemed to be prominent during
those days.
His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave more value to
evidence-based science.
Sigmund Freud
Is a famous figure in the field of psychology
He also made a significant contribution in the scientific world through
the development of an important observational method to gather
reliable data to study human's inner life. This method is known as
psychoanalysis.
For Freud, Psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study human mind and
neurotic illness.
His method was unorthodox ─ focusing on human sexuality and the
evil nature of man.
Development of Science
in Mesoamerica
Maya Civilization
One of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years.
Known for their works in Astronomy ─ they incorporated their understanding of
astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. (e.g. The Pyramid
at Chichen Itza in Mexico is situated at the location of the Sun during the spring
and fall equinoxes.)
They used their knowledge in celestial bodies such as predicting eclipse and
astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.
Mayans are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar
system which is used in planning their activities and to observe religious rituals
and cultural celebrations.
Maya Civilization
They also developed the technology for growing crops and building elaborate
cities using ordinary machines and tools. (e.g. Hydraulic system with
sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities.)
The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery
paints made from a mineral called mica.
Mayans are considered as one of the most scientifically advanced societies in
Mesoamerica.
One of the world's first civilizations to use a writing system known as Mayan
hieroglyphics.
They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system based on
the numeral 20.
Inca Civilization
The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in
everyday life:

roads paved with stones

stone buildings that surmounte earthquakes and other disasters
irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all
types of land
calendar wth 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for
planting season
the first suspension bridge
quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts
can interpret
Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements
Aztec Civilization
The following are their substantial contributions to science and technology
and to the society as a whole:
Mandatory Education. The Aztec puts value on education; that is why
their children are mandated to get education regardless of their social
class, gender, or age. It is an early form of universal off inclusive
education.
Chocolates. They developed chocolate in Mexico during their time. In
Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao
beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods.
Aztec Civilization
Antipasmodic medication. They used a type of antipasmodic
medication that could prevent muscle spasm and relax muscles, which
could help during surgery.
Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agriculture farming in
which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by
canals.
Aztec ca lenda r. This ena bled them to pla n their a ctivities,ritua ls, a nd
planting season.
Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in
water systems.
Development of Science
in Asia
Asia
Biggest continent in the world
Home of the ancient
civilizations
In the field of science, technology, and
mathematics, great civilizations have stood out:
India, China, and the Middle East civilizations.
Indi
a Known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical workers
Iron steel - considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of
Roman Empire
Famous in medicine (e.g. Ayurveda - a system of traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as a form of
alternative medicine.)
Susruta Samhita - ancient text that describes different surgical and other
medical procedures famous in Ancient India.
Ancient India is also notable in the field of Astronomy (e.g. They developed
theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting
Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.)
Siddhanta Shiromani - According to Sam a, it is an ancient text that covered
topics such as:
1. Mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets
2. The three problems of diurnal rotation
3. Sygyzies
4. Lunar eclipses
5. Solar eclipses
6. Latitudes of the planets
7. Risings and settings
8. The moon's crescent
9. Conjunctions of the planets with each other
10. Conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars
11. Paths of the Sun and Moon
China
Known for traditional medicines - a product of centuries of experiences
and discovery of the Chinese people (e.g., Acupuncture)
In terms of technology, Chinese's famous discoveries and inventions are
were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools.
In the field of Astronomy, Chinese observed the heavenly bodies to
understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily
activities.
Chinese are also known in seismology, making them more prepared in
times of natural calamities.
Middle East Countries
Ibn al-Haytham - a Muslim scientist, and is also regarded as the Father of
Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi - a Muslim mathematician, gave his
name to the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived
from al-jabr.
Jabir ibn Hayyan - Father of Chemistry
Ibn Sina - he pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the
first physician to conduct clinical trials. Among his many contributions are
th discovery of the contagious nature of infectious disease and the
introduction of clinical pharmacology.
Development of
Science in Africa
Egyptian Civilization
Made significant advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and
medicine (e.g., the development of geometry was a product of necessity
to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians living
along the Nile River.)

Egypt was known to be a center of Alchemy, which is known as the

medieval forerunner of chemistry.

Ancient Egyptians are good in the four fundamental mathematical

operations and other mathematical skills.
Astronomy was famous in African region (e.g., Africans used three
types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, or a combination of the
three.

Egypt was known to be a center of Alchemy, which is known as the

medieval forerunner of chemistry.

Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people

in the African continent.

The Lebombo Bone - used as a tool for multiplication, division, and

simple mathematical calculation or a six-month lunar calendar. Also
considered to be the oldest known mathematical artifact dated from
35,000 BCE.
Thank you.