 Most practical applications in electrical

engineering involve alternating current and

voltages.

1
 1. Introduction
2. Resistance Connected to an AC Supply
3. Inductance Connected to an AC Supply
4. Capacitance Connected to an AC Supply
5. Resistance and Inductance in Series with
an AC Supply
6. Power Dissipation
7. Capacitance Transducers
8. Problems
2
9. Resistance and Capacitance in Series
with an AC Supply
10. Resistance, Inductance and
Capacitance in Series with an AC
Supply
11. AC Supply in Parallel with
Capacitance and with Inductance and
Resistance in Series
 Electricity supply systems are normally ac (alternating
current).
 The supply voltage varies sinusoidal
 instantaneous applied voltage, v  V m sin  2ft 
OR v  Vm sint
where
 Vm = peak applied voltage in volts
Vm  f = supply frequency in Hz
 t = time in seconds.

4
 Resistance connected to an AC supply

v
Instantaneous current, i
i R
v  V m sin2ft 
i V sin2ft
m

 R

i  Im sin2ft

Current and Voltage are

v in phase
i

5
 Root Mean Square (rms) Voltage and Current

 The “effective” values of voltage and current over the whole

cycle
“RMS value of an alternating current is that steady
 rms voltage is Vm state current (DC) which when flowing through the
V 2
given resistor for a given amount of time produces the
same amount of heat as produced by the alternative
current when flowing through the same resistance for
 rms current is Im the same time”
I 2

Meters normally indicate rms quantities and this value is

equal to the DC value

Other representations of Voltage or Current are

 maximum or peak value
 average value
6
 Inductance connected to an AC supply
di i – instantaneous current
v  L dt
i
vV i
 Vm
cos2ft 
m
2fL
sin2ft 2f

 Vm
i cost I m   Vm t0
L L v  Vm sin2ft
  Current lags Voltage
Vm
i sint   by 90 degree
L 2

V
rms current V
I  L  2fL

Using complex numbers and the j operator j

I  LV
Inductive Reactance XL  2fL 
L
V V v

I j 
XL jX L i

7 Phasor diagram and wave form

 Capacitance connected to an AC supply
dv
i  C dt
v  Vm i  2fCVm cos2ft   2 f
sin2ft
v  V m sin2ft C
i
i  CV
m I m  CVm
cost
 Current leads Voltage
i  CVm sin t   
  2 by 90 degrees

rms current I  CV 

2fCV
Using complex numbers and the j operator I   jCV

Capacitance Reactance
XC i

1
v
V V V
I j  
XC jX C  jX C 
8  Phasor diagram and wave form
 R and L in series with an AC supply
V  VR 
L

VBut
L VR  and VL  I 
IR jXL v  Vm sin2ft

 V  IR  jXL
R


V V
And I  Where, XL  L   I
R  jXL R  jL
2fL 

Complex Impedance Z  R  jL

VR
  j 2
VL 
Cartesian Form I V R  jL I  
 2   L  R   L
2 2 2 2

R
R  jL   voltage
-j indicates that the current lags the
9 R  jL
 VR VL
Cartesian Form: I     j
Complex Impedance: Z  R  jL R2  2L2   R 2  2L2



In Polar Form phasor diagram constructed with

RMS quantities
V
I ∠-  L VL

  L
2 2
R 2

 L  - indicates lagging current.
 L  tan 1 L
  L V
R
I
I 
R 2  2L2 VR
V
 Z R2  L
1 L 
2 2

Power factor, p.f.  cos 

L cos 
 tan
R 
 jL  jX L

 L
Complex impedance: Z  R  j  L R

Z  R 2  2L2
10
 Exercise:
For the circuit shown below, calculate the rms current I &
phase angle L

V 0.2H
I ∠-  L
R2   L
2 2

100V rms
VR
  j 2
VL 
f = 50 Hz
I   2 R  
2 2 100
R   L  
2 2

L
 L 
 L  tan 1
 
R 

11
 R and C in series with an AC supply
V  VC  But VR  IR and VC  I  jX C 
VR
 V  IR  jXC V
I  R  jX i
C

 VC
XC 1 1 I V
but  
R  j/
C
C
2fC v  Vm sin2ft
Complex Impedance Z   R  j / C  R

The current, I in Cartesian form is given by

   

VR   V / +j signifies that the current leads
I 2 1  j 2C 1
    the voltage.
 R   2 2  
12  C R   2C 2 
    
I Cartesian form: I   VR   V / C 
  j  
Complex Impedance: Z  R  j / C 1 1
2
 2

 R  R 
 C 
2 2
 2C 2 

In Polar Form
V phasor diagram drawn with RMS
I  C
+C identifies current quantities V R
1  leading voltage
R2   C
2 2
1 
C  tan 1  I
 
CR  C
V
V
I 
1
R2 
 2C 2 VC

Power Factor  cosC 

i


VR
 1  C v
 cos tan1  
  CR   VC

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sinusoidal current leading the voltage
 j
 ZR R

 C C
1
 jX C   j
C
1
Z  R2 Z R 
1
 C
22 2

2C2

14
 Exercise:
For the circuit shown, calculate the rms current I & phase angle L
V
I  C
1 
R 2   2C 2
0.1F
   


VR   V / 
2C 1
I 1  j
2
 10V rms
 R   R  f = 1000 Hz
 2C 2    2C 2  1000

Answer: I = 5.32mA 57.90

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 RLC in series with an AC supply
V  VR  VL 
VC
VL  I  jX L VC  I  jX C 
We know that: VR  
IR V  IR  jXL  jXC  IR  jXL  X C
 VC

But XL  & X C  1/ VC

I  L V C VL
R  j  L  1/ v  V m sin2ft

C
L

Complex Impedance
VR
 1   1 
2 R

Z  R  j L  Z  R 2  L  
16  C  C 
 V
From previous page I
R  j  L  1/
VL 1/ C 
I C 2
VR V
I j R  jL 1/
R 2  L 1/ R  L 1/
2
R  L 1/
C
C2 C2 C2
V The phasor diagram (and hence the waveforms)
I  depend on the relative values of L and 1/C.
R 2  L 1/
s
 Three cases must be considered
C2
 L 1/   X  XC
 s  tan 1 


C R  or  s  tan 1  L
 R



V
I 
R 
2  L  1 / C  2

17
 From previous page V
I 
2   L  1 / C 
2
R

VL  VC VL  VC
(i) L  1 / C (ii)L  1 / C (iii)L  1 / C VL  VC

VL
VL
VR (VL -VC)

I
VL
I
V V=VR V
VC

I
(VC -VL) VR
VC

VC
capacitive resistive inductive

1
Resonant frequency fo 
2
LC
18
 From previous page V
I 
2   L  1 / C 
2
R
From the above equation for the current it is clear that the magnitude of the
current varies with  (and hence frequency, f). This variation is shown in
graph
the
V
at o, L 1/ I  0
R
C
VL = and they may be greater than V
VC

1  1
0  & f0  0 
LC 2 2 LC

 fo is called the series resonant frequency.

 This phenomenon of series resonance is utilised in radio tuners.
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 Exercise:
For circuit shown in figure, calculate the current and phase angle and power
factor when frequency is
(i) 159.2Hz, (ii) 1592.Hz and (iii) 503.3Hz
0.1
F

How about you try this ?

100V
1H

1000


Answer:
(i) 11.04 mA + 83.6o, 0.111 leading
(ii) 11.04mA, -83.60, 0.111 lagging
(iii) 100mA, 00, 1.0 (in phase)
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 AC Supply in Parallel with C, and in Series R
&L
IS  IC  ILR V  VC  VR  Can U name the Laws?
VL
We know that: VC  IC  jXC   IC  j / C  IC  jCV
V IS ILR
IC
VR  ILR R
VL  ILR jXL   I
VL
LR

jL
VC
V

Substituting for the different Voltage

components gives: VR

V  ILR R  I LR 
V
R  jL

R  2
V
R 
jL jL 2L2 V IC
I S  jCV  R 
and IS  I C  I LR
R 2   L jL
2 2

 
V
V 
S
R  j CR 2
  2
CL 2
 IS

Hence, IS  L
2 2


IC
R2
L ILR
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 Exercise:
For the circuit shown calculate the minimum supply current, Is and the
corresponding capacitance C. Frequency is 50 Hz.

How about you try this one

IS
too?
100mH
 240V
C

40

22
Answer: ISmin = 3.71A C = 38.6F
 Power Dissipation
We know that: power dissipation | instantaneous
= voltage| instantaneous  current | instantaneous

p  vi

Hence, instantaneous voltage, v  Vm sint

instantaneous current, i  I m sint  

p  vi  Vm sintIm sint   p
Vm I m
cos2t     cos 
2
 
Vm I m Vm & Im
P 2 cos V 2 I 2
but

23Therefore, net power transfer P  VI cos

 Real, Apparent and Reactive Power
Im

i V P1 Re
‫ כ‬θ cos

i
i
sin
P = Apparent power
P1 = Real power
P2 = Reactive power P2

24
 Power Factor Correction
Im

V P1 Re

O
I II
1
I
i Pn P22

P = Apparent power
P1 = Real power
P2 = Reactive power P2
P
P22= New Reactive Power
Pn= New Apparent Power
I= Current to reduce Reactive Power
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 Conclusion

1. AC supply with resistive load, RL in series,

RC in series, RLC in series, and RLC in parallel.
2. Phasor & Cartesian representations.
3. Phase angle and power factor.
4. Dissipated Power.

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 Home work
Q1 . A 20V 50Hz supply feeds a 20 Resistor in series with a 100mH
inductor.
Calculate the circuit (complex) impedance and current.
Q2 . A 200V supply feeds a series circuit comprising 250 resistor, 100mH inductor and
a 159nF capacitor. Calculate the resonant frequency fo and the corresponding
current. Also calculate the current when the frequency is:- fo/3 3fo

Q3 . A small company connected to 240V, 50Hz single-phase supply draws a current of

40A at 0.8 power factor lagging. A capacitance is connected across the supply to
improve the power factor of the supply current to:
i) unity ii) 0.95 lagging
Calculate the supply current and capacitance in each case.

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