0% found this document useful (0 votes)
44 views37 pages

1 Introduction

This document provides an overview of an artificial intelligence course, including its syllabus, objectives, recommended books, and some introductory concepts. The 5-unit syllabus covers topics such as search techniques, probabilistic reasoning, planning, neural networks, and expert systems. The course aims to teach optimal vs human-like reasoning, state space representations, and methods for solving problems using AI. It also introduces machine learning concepts and probabilistic techniques for uncertain environments.

Uploaded by

funnyclups413
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
44 views37 pages

1 Introduction

This document provides an overview of an artificial intelligence course, including its syllabus, objectives, recommended books, and some introductory concepts. The 5-unit syllabus covers topics such as search techniques, probabilistic reasoning, planning, neural networks, and expert systems. The course aims to teach optimal vs human-like reasoning, state space representations, and methods for solving problems using AI. It also introduces machine learning concepts and probabilistic techniques for uncertain environments.

Uploaded by

funnyclups413
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Dr. Nidhi Kushwaha


Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi


SYLLABUS OF AI COURSE
 Unit 1
 Introduction, history, foundations and applications of AI. Design and analysis of
intelligent Agents and environment, Toy problems. Propositional Logic, First
Order Logic (FOL), Forward and Backward chaining.

 Unit 2
 Uninformed Search, Sensor less problems, Contingency problems, Heuristic
Search, local search and optimization, online search.
 Unit 3
 Constraint Satisfaction Problems, Game Theory, Probability basics, Bayesian
Networks, Fuzzy logics, Beliefs, Desires and Uncertainty.
 Unit 4
 The planning problem, partial order planning, planning graphs and algorithms,
Basics of ANN.

 Unit 5
 Expert Systems, Logic and knowledge based systems, Semantic Nets.

2
COURSE OBJECTIVE
 To learn the difference between optimal reasoning Vs human like reasoning.
 To understand the notion of state space representation along with time and space
complexities.
 To learn the methods of solving problems using Artificial Intelligence.
 To introduce the concepts of machine learning.
 Able to work in uncertain environments using probabilistic reasoning
techniques.

3
BOOK PREFERRED

1. Saroj Kaushik, “Artificial Intelligence”, Cengage Learning India Pvt Ltd

2. N.J. Nilsson, “Principles of Artificial Intelligence”, Narosa Publishing House.

3. E. Rich and Knight, “Artificial Intelligence”, McGraw Hill International.

4. Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig, “Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach”,


Pearson Education / Prentice Hall of India.

5. Saroj Kaushik, “Logic and Prolog Programming”, New Age International Pvt
Ltd

4
SOME DEFINITIONS (I)

The exciting new effort to make


computers think …
machines with minds,
in the full literal sense.
Haugeland, 1985

(excited but not really useful)


SOME DEFINITIONS (II)

The study of mental faculties through the use


of computational models.
Charniak and McDermott, 1985

A field of study that seeks to explain and


emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
computational processes.
Schalkoff, 1990
(Applied psychology & philosophy?)
SOME DEFINITIONS (III)

The study of how to make computers


do things at which, at the moment,
people are better.

Rich & Knight, 1991


(I can almost understand this one).
AI DEFINITIONS
 The study of how to make programs/computers do things Thinking
that people do better.
 The study of how to make computers solve problems machines or
which require knowledge and intelligence. machine
 The exciting new effort to make computers think … intelligence
machines with minds.
 The automation of activities that we associate with human
thinking (e.g., decision-making, learning…) Studying
 The art of creating machines that perform functions that cognitive
require intelligence when performed by people.
faculties
 The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models.
 A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate
intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes. Problem
 The branch of computer science that is concerned with the Solving
automation of intelligent behavior.
SOME DEFINITIONS…
In Japan AI Experience in 2017,
"AI is a computer system able to perform tasks that
ordinarily require human intelligence... Many of these
artificial intelligence systems are powered by machine
learning, some of them are powered by deep learning
and some of them are powered by very boring things like
rules." DataRobot CEO, Jeremy Achin
DIMENSIONS IN AI DEFINITIONS
 Buildintelligent artifacts vs. understanding
human behavior.
 Should the system behave like a human or
behave intelligently?

The Turing Test


WHAT IS AI ?
Thought process

System that think like human system that think rationaly


Cognitive Science Law of thought/Logic

Human performance Ideal performance measure

System that act like human system that act rationally

Turing Test Rational Agents

Behaviour
ACTING HUMANLY (TURING
TEST)

12
TURING TEST..RESULT
 Ifthe interrogator can not reliably distinguish
the human from the computer.

 Then the computer does posses artificial


intelligence

13
WHAT DOES AI REALLY DO?
 Knowledge Representation (how does a program represent
its domain of discourse?)
 Automated reasoning.

 Planning (get the robot to find the bananas in the other


room).
 Machine Learning (adapt to new circumstances).

 Natural language understanding.

 Machine vision, speech recognition, finding data on the


web, robotics, and much more.
SO WHAT IS AI?
 AI as a field of study
 Computer Science
 Cognitive Science
 Psychology
 Philosophy
 Linguistics
 Neuroscience
 AI is part science, part engineering
 AI often must study other domains in order to implement systems
 e.g., medicine and medical practices for a medical diagnostic system,
engineering and chemistry to monitor a chemical processing plant
 AI is a belief that the brain is a form of biological computer and that the
mind is computational
 AI has had a concrete impact on society but unlike other areas of CS, the
impact is often
 felt only tangentially (that is, people are not aware that system X has AI)
 felt years after the initial investment in the technology
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
 Is there a “holistic” definition for intelligence?
 Here are some definitions:
 the ability to comprehend; to understand and profit from experience
 a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve
problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn
 is effectively perceiving, interpreting and responding to the environment
 None of these tells us what intelligence is, so instead, maybe we can
enumerate a list of elements that an intelligence must be able to
perform:
 perceive, reason and infer, solve problems, learn and adapt, apply common
sense, apply analogy, recall, apply intuition, reach emotional states, achieve
self-awareness
 Which of these are necessary for intelligence? Which are sufficient?
 Artificial Intelligence – should we define this in terms of human
intelligence?
 does AI have to really be intelligent?
 what is the difference between being intelligent and demonstrating intelligent
behavior?
BRAIN VS. COMPUTER
 In AI, we compare the brain (or the mind) and the computer
 Our hope: the brain is a form of computer
 Our goal: we can create computer intelligence through programming
just as people become intelligent by learning

But we see that the computer


is not like the brain

The computer performs tasks


without understanding what
its doing

Does the brain understand


what its doing when it solves
problems?
A BRIEF HISTORY OF AI
 The dream of making a computer imitate us began many
years ago…..

 The Dartmouth conference, Summer ‘56.


 Early enthusiasm 52-59:
 Puzzle solving with the General Problem Solver, Geometry
theorem prover, Checkers player, Lisp.
 Reality strikes:
 Programs don’t scale up.
 The problem is not as easy as we thought:
 The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak -->
MORE HISTORY
 Knowledge-based systems (expert systems) 1969-1979:
 EdFeigenbaum (Stanford): Knowledge is power! (as opposed to
weak methods)
 Dendral (inferring molecular structure from a mass spectrometer).
 MYCIN: diagnosis of blood infections

 AI becomes an industry:
 configuring computers.
 Robotic vision applications
RECENT EVENTS: 1987-PRESENT
 AI turns more scientific, relies on more mathematically
sophisticated tools:
 Hidden Markov models (for speech recognition)
 Belief networks (see Office 97).

 Focus turns to building useful artifacts as opposed to


solving the grand AI problem.
A RICH HISTORY
 Philosophy
 Mathematics

 Biology

 Economics

 Neuroscience

 Psychology

 Control Theory

 Linguistic

 Computer Science

 John McCarthy- coined the term- 1950’s


RECENT AI SUCCESSES(1998)
 Deep Blue beats Kasparov (AI?)
 Theorem provers proved an unknown theorem.

 Expert systems: medical, diagnosis, design

 Speech recognition applications (in limited domains).

 Robots controlling quality in factories.

 Intelligent agents on board Deep Space 1.


WHY AI ? AND ITS
IMPORTANCE

23
INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOR
 Perception

 Reasoning

 Learning

 Understanding Language

 Solving Problem
APPLICATIONS
Computer vision
Image recognition
Robotics
NLP
Speech Processing
Machine Translation
Autonomous agents—Mangalyan, Mars Rover
Internet agents
Transportation
Healthcare
E-commerce
TYPES OF AI
WEAK AI

Weak AI
 deals with the creation of some form of computer-based artificial
intelligence that cannot truly reason and solve problems, but can act as if
it were intelligent.

 Focuses on one narrow task and cannot perform beyond its limitation.

 Weak AI holds that suitably programmed machines can simulate human


cognition.
 Example:
 Apple Siri
 IBM Watson
 Google translation
AI TYPE-1: BASED ON CAPABILITIES
Strong AI
 Surpasses human intelligence and can perform any task
better than human.
 aims to build machine that can truly reason and solve
problems which is self aware and whose overall
intellectual ability is indistinguishable from that of a
human being.
 Its existence is still hypothetical.

 Solving puzzle,
 Making judgements
APPLIED AI-
Applied AI
 aims to produce commercial viable smart system-such as
for example a security system that is able to recognize
the faces of people who are permitted to enter a
particular building
 Applied AI has already enjoyed considerable success.

 Example-Recognize people
COGNITIVE AI
Cognitive AI
 Computer are used to test theories about how the human
mind works-for example, theories about how we
recognize faces and other objects, or about how we solve
abstract problem.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TYPE-2:
BASED ON FUNCTIONALITY
Reactive Machines
 Reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions.
 These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per
possible best action.

Example:
 IBM's Deep Blue
 Google's AlphaGo
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TYPE-2:
BASED ON FUNCTIONALITY
Limited Memory

 Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data


for a short period of time.
 These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.

 Example
 Self-driving cars
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TYPE-2:
BASED ON FUNCTIONALITY
Theory of Mind

 Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people,


beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.

 This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are
making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI
machines.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TYPE-2:
BASED ON FUNCTIONALITY
Self-Awareness
 Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These
machines will be super intelligent, and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.

 These machines will be smarter than human mind.

 Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a


hypothetical concept.
WHY AI ? AND ITS IMPORTANCE (CONT..)
 AI start-up's in World
https://www.edureka.co/blog/artificial-intelligence-applications/

 AI start-up's in India
https://www.mygreatlearning.com/blog/top-ai-startups-in-india/

35
WHY AI ? AND ITS IMPORTANCE (CONT..
 World Wide Competition in AI field
1. Numer.ai
2. Data Analysis Competition 2021 by IASC
3. TopCoder Open 2021
4. Challenge data 2021
5. Kaggle Competitions
6. CodaLab
7. Driven Data
8. DataHack
9. Machine Hack
10. AIcrowd
36
Thank You!!

You might also like